98 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY OF AMITY QUADRANGLE, PA. 
From these analyses it will be seen that the sulphur is one of the 
most variable constituents of the Pittsburg coal in this quadrangle. 
In the northern and western parts of the area it seems to be generally 
moderate, but in one instance in Peters Township it runs as high as 
2.594 and at one bank in Chartiers Township it reaches 2.206, accord- 
ing to the Second Geological Survey. The present survey makes the 
maxima 1.15 and 1.61 in these districts. It is improbable that the 
coal will be of much value for gas or coking in those portions of the 
quadrangle, unless the sulphur can be reduced by washing to less than 
1 per cent; but it ought to be a first-class steam coal. 
Samples from the Ellsworth mines and Nos. 6, 7, and 8 of the table 
from the southeastern quarter of the quadrangle show sulphur rang- 
ing from 0.67 to 0.98, indicating a better quality in this direction. It 
seems probable that in time the coal may be coked in this portion of 
the quadrangle. In general it may be said that the quality of the 
Pittsburg coal improves toward the east and deteriorates westward 
from the quadrangle, becoming poorest in Ohio. 
METHODS OF DEVELOPMENT. 
As the Pittsburg coal in this quadrangle outcrops in only two 
localities where it is now mined*, it must be developed principally by 
shafts, as has been done by the Ellsworth Company on Pigeon Creek. 
This company has sunk shafts at two localities near the bottom of 
the Waynesburg syncline, thus taking a position where the mines may 
be easily drained by the natural inclination of the coal to the foot of 
the shaft, from which the water may be pumped to the surface. As 
the valley of Pigeon Creek has gentle grades, it has been a simple 
matter to connect the mines with the Monongahela branch of the 
Pennsylvania Railroad by a line running to Ellsworth. Between 
Three and Four and the crest of the Amity anticline is an area 3 miles 
bread along South Branch of Pigeon Creek, 3 J miles broad on Center 
Branch, and 4 miles broad on North Branch of Pigeon Creek, in which 
the dip is toward the southwest. This gives a large area in which the 
Pittsburg coal can be advantageously mined by shafts sunk on the 
main branches of Pigeon Creek. Short switches will connect with the 
Ellsworth branch railroad. 
On Peters Creek in the northeast corner of the quadrangle most of 
the mines are rather unfavorably situated in relation to the structure, 
as their proximity to the crest of the Amity anticline makes it nec- 
essary to mine down the dip. A more satisfactory method of devel- 
oping the coal lying between Peters and Mingo creeks would be to 
sink shafts along Mingo Creek near the edge of the quadrangle and 
mine northward up the dip as far as the limit of the Peters Creek 
workings and westward as far as the crest of the anticline, which 
crosses Mingo Creek near Kammerer. Near the edge of the quad- 
