XV—THE TORTRICIDAE. 915 i! 
CHAPTER XV. 
THE TORTRICIDAE. 
The Tortricidae are characterized as follows :— 
The head is covered with dense erect scales. The ocelli are 
usually present. The antennae are less than % the length of the 
fore-wings. The labial palpi have the second joint more or less 
rough-scaled and the terminal joint rather short and obtuse. The 
tibiae have all the spurs present, usually long. The fore-wings 
have vein 1b strongly furcate at base, lc more or less developed 
and veins 3, 4 and 5 more or less approximated. The hind-wings 
with a frenulum; vein 1b with a well-developed basal furcation, 
le usually present; veins 6 and 7 are usually approximated or 
stalked, 8 approximated to anterior half of upper margin of cell, 
sometimes connected with it, thence diverging. (See Plate E., 
figs. 10-40 and Plate F., figs. 1-24.) 
This is a very large family, everywhere present, but 
much more characteristic of temperate regions than of tro- 
pical. The species are usually of small size. 
The larvae are rather elongate, with few hairs, with 
16 legs, living concealed in rolled or joined leaves, or spun 
shoots, or in stems or flower heads or roots. Usually there 
are no markings; hence the leaf-feeding species, being often 
very polyphagous, are hardly to be discriminated. The head 
is often black when young, and lght coloured later. 
The pupa is protruded from the cocoon in emergence, 
and is usually in the situation where the larva fed. Seg- 
ments 8-12 are free in the male, 8-11 in the female. 
In the males of many species the basal portion of the 
costa of the fore-wings is folded over above and often in- 
eludes some expansible hairs (probably a scent-organ) ; 
this is termed the costal fold. 
The study of this extensive family offers considerable 
difficulties, owing to the great variability of many of the 
species, and also their close similarity in general appear- 
anee. In these respects the present family is only excelled 
by the Noctwdae, which, as already explained, unquestion- 
ably presents the greatest difficulties of any family of Lepi- 
doptera. Many of the Tortrices are somewhat attractive 
insects. The prevailing colours of the fore-wings are warm 
brown, red or yellow, and of the hind-wings pale ochreous 
or white, frequently more or less spotted with grey. Most 
of the species rest with the fore-wings flat, slightly over- 
lapping, the entire insect being thus somewhat oblong, or 
bell-shaped, the head forming the narrow top of the bell. 
This peculiarity is, however, only evident in those species 
having broad wings. Generally speaking, the Tortrices are 
about in the imago state for a longer period than most 
Lepidoptera, and in some of the very common species there 
appears to be a continuous succession of individuals 
throughout the year. Only a few species are strictly diur- 
nal in their habits, the majority flying freely in the late 
afternoon, or at sunset. The colouring is protective, usually 
assimilating closely to the varied tints of fading or dead 
leaves, and the value of this protection is greatly enhanced, 
by a common habit of resting amongst fallen leaves and 
litter on the surface of the ground. A very few species 
imitate lichens, bird-droppings, or moss, and these are usu- 
ally found resting on tree trunks or fences. 
The Tortricidae are represented in New Zealand by 
three following sub-families :— 
1. CARPOSINIDES. 2. TORTRICIDES. 
3. HUCOSMIDES. 
Sub-family 1—CaRPosINIDEs. 
Ocelli absent. Fore-wings with tufts of scales on surface; 
2 from posterior fifth of cell, 7 to termen, separate. Hind-wings 
with or without cubital pecten; 5 absent, 6 usually absent or 
rudimentary, parallel to 7 when present, 7 to apex. 
Easily known by the peculiar neuration of hind-wings. 
There are six Australian genera, but only one occurs in 
New Zealand. (See Plate E., figs. 10, 11 neuration of 
Carposina ertphylla.) 
Genus 1—CARPOSINA, H. 8. 
Antennae in male with moderate or long ciliations (1-4). 
Palpi long or very long, porrected, second joint with projecting 
scales above and beneath, terminal more or less concealed. Fore- 
wings with vein 8 separate. Hind-wings with cubital pecten, in 
male sometimes noi! developed; veins 3 and 4 stalked, 6 absent. 
(Plate E., figs. 10, 11 neuration of Carposina eriphylla; fig. 12 
head of ditto.) 
Principally characteristic of the Hawaiian Islands and 
Australia with stragglers in North America and Europe. 
We have fourteen species in New Zealand. Of these 
three are confined to the North Island; six to the South 
Island, and five common to both islands. 
CARPOSINA CONTACTELLA. 
(Tinea contactella, Walk., Cat. xxxv., 1813; Heterocrossa contac- 
tella, Meyr., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1905, 235.) 
(Plate XXII., fig. 21 9.) 
This little species has occurred in the North Island at 
the Wanganui River, Paekakariki and Wellington and in 
the South Island at Otira River, Ida Valley, Queenstown, 
Invereargill and Bluff. 
The expansion of the wings is slightly over 4 inch. The 
fore-wings are greyish-white more or less thickly speckled with 

