



XV—THE 
out the spicules. The pupal shroud is made by the larva 
first with an outer series of silk threads apparently placed 
irregularly, but designed to hold together the two leaves, 
or the fold of the leaf, and prevent any alteration in the 
curvature, which might subsequently affect the pupa dis- 
advantageously. Within this outer series of threads a defi- 
nite, closely woven, elongate cocoon is made, having a slen- 
der neck which extends to the edge of leaf or leaves. The 
pupa is suspended horizontally within the body of the 
cocoon. In emergence the pupa projects rather more than 
the thoracic segments beyond the neck of the cocoon, a sil- 
ken cable secured to its anal armature preventing it from 
over-passing the point of security and falling to the ground. 
The pupa at first is unicolorous, green with darker green 
mediodorsal line on abdomen. The first colour-change is 
noticed in the eyes, which become red, then a reddish colour 
spreads over the face parts, next the thorax and wings 
show imaginal markings. The duration of the pupal stage 
is from 17 to 29 days.* 
The perfect insect usually appears from November till 
March, and stragglers are occasionally met with during the 
winter months. It is found in the vicinity of forest, but 
is never common. The female is often found resting on 
the upper surface of a leaf of its foodplant when its appear- 
ance is suggestive of a small crumpled dead leaf adhering 
to the green leaf. 
Genus 9—CTENOPSEUSTIS, Meyr. 
Antennae in male shortly ciliated. Palpi moderate, por- 
rected, second joint with projecting scales above and beneath, 
terminal short. Thorax without crest. Fore-wings with vein 7 
separate, to termen. Hind-wings with cubital pecten, veins 3 and 
4 connate, 5 approximated to 4 at base, 6 and 7 closely approxi- 
mated towards base. (Plate F., figs. 1, 2 neuration of Ctenopseu- 
stis obliquana; fig. 3 head of ditto.) 
Represented by a single very variable species only. 
CTENOPSEUSTIS OBLIQUANA. 
(Teras obliquana, Walk., Cat., xxviii., 302; Teras spurcatana, ib., 
305; servanda, ib., 306; priscand, ib., 307; Sciaphila transtri- 
gana, ib., 354; turbulentana, ib., 355; Teras cuneiferana, ib., 
Xxxv., 1780; contractana, ib., 1782; Teras congestana, ib., 
Xxviii., 308; Tortrix ropedna, Feld., Reis., Nov., pl. exxxvii., 
45; taipana, ib., 46; herana, ib., 52; inana, Butl., Proce. 
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 403; Cacoecia spurcatana, Meyr., 
Proc. Linn. Soe. N.S.W., 1881, 487; Paedisca obliquana, 
Meyr., Trans. N.Z. Inst., xv., 60; Ctenopseustis obliquana, 
ib., xvii., 146.) 
(Plate XXV., figs. 3-6 ¢@ varieties; 7-10 9 ditto.) 
This extremely variable species is common and gener- 
ally distributed throughout the country. 
The expansion of the wings of the male is about { inch, of 
the female slightly over 1 inch. The fore-wings of the male have 
the costa slightly arched, the apex pointed and the termen 
curved; dull ochreous-brown to dark chocolate-brown with darker 

*See paper by Ambrose Quail, F.E.S., in Trans. N.Z. Inst., 
xXxxvii., 348, from which the life history here given has been 
abridged. 
TORTRICIDAE. 
brown markings; there is a short, oblique band from the dorsum 
near the base, not reaching the costa; a very irregular wavy 
central band, usually containing a rather large, pale spot on the 
costa beyond the middle and often broken up or obsolete towards 
the dorsum; a distinct patch near the termen below the apez. 
The hind-wings are pale brownish-grey, mottled with darker 
grey. In the female the wings are longer; the fore-wings vary 
from pale whitish-ochreous to reddish-brown; there are two short 
oblique dark brown marks on the costa near the base; the outer 
edge of the central band faintly indicated, and a more or less 
indistinct darker patch on the termen below the apex. The 
hind-wings vary from dull white to pale grey, more or less mot- 
tled with darker grey. 
The following are a few of the principal varieties:— 
A. MALES: 
(1.) Fore-wings deep chocolate-brown with two large and 
two small brown spots (fig. 4). 
(2.) Fore-wings with space between basal and central 
areas very pale brownish-ochreous (fig. 5). 
(3.) Fore-wings with central area much clouded with 
black (fig. 6). 
(4.) Fore-wings very dark dull brown with all markings 
faintly indicated by paler and darker mottling. 
B. FEMALES: 
(1.) Fore-wings almost white with markings very in- 
distinct. 
(2.) Fore-wings very pale ochreous-brown with markings 
darker. 
Fore-wings pale brown. 
Fore-wings reddish-brown with very indistinct mark- 
ings. (This variety can only be separted from 
some of the varieties of Tortrix excessana by the 
structural characters). 
Fore-wings ochreous with markings and extensive 
mottlings black. 
Fore-wings with central area black and terminal 
areas ochreous (fig. 10). This is a rare and strik- 
ing form and corresponds to variety No. 3 of the 
male. 
Fore-wings pale ochreous-grey with veins marked in 
darker grey (fig. 7). 
(3.) 
(4.) 
(7.) 
The larva is polyphagous. It has been found feeding 
on the flower heads of the Wharangi (Brachyglottis 
repanda), the leaves of Coprosma rotundifolia, Aristotela 
racemosa, Macropiper excelsum, Myrtus bullata, Carpode- 
tus serratus, Olearia cunninghami, Veronicas, Lonicera, 
Rumez, ete. It also feeds on the kernel of the peach and 
this habit is sometimes productive of loss as it prevents the 
peaches from ripening. When opened, the infected peaches 
disclose a burrow, extending through the stone and pulp 
of the fruit, which has been specially prepared by the 
larva for the exit of the perfect insect, the pupa being 
enclosed in a silken cocoon in the centre of the peach stone. 
This larva is very active and when living in twisted leaves 
travels from end to end of its habitat in the usual Tortrix 
fashion. In such eases the pupa is enclosed in a silken 
cocoon inside the twisted leaf which had been tenanted by 
the larva. 
The full-grown larva is rather stout, flattened, atten- 
uated at both ends; brilliant green or dull whitish with 
the head and succeeding segment brown, the dorsal line 

