WILLIAMS AN 
KINDLE. 
D ] CONTRIBUTIONS TO DEVONIAN PALEONTOLOGY. 55 
TII>] UPPER DEVONIAN FAUNAS OF THE MIDDLE 
APPALACHIANS. 
By H. S. Williams. 
In order to exhibit the relation of the Upper Devonian faunas in this 
region to what goes before, it is sufficient to begin with the typical 
black shales and to consider in connection with them the faunules up 
to the first appearance of Carboniferous forms. 
In the accompanying chart, representing the range of the species of 
the upper Devonian faunas for the Virginia and West Virginia region, 
the fauna of the black shale is tabulated in biological order with the 
species which follow it, so as to exhibit the changes in the bionic rela- 
tions of the successive faunas and their replacement by new species 
of each of the genera which pass upward. 
DISCUSSION OF THE CHART. 
In the chart heavy lines separate the several continuous sections, 
which are represented by the numbers at the top. The local section 
is indicated by a capital letter; the particular zone of the section in 
which the faunule occurs is shown by the figure following the capital 
letter. 
The bionic value of the species recorded for each faunule is indi- 
cated by the letters used in marking its presence, viz, r=rare, a= 
abundant, c= common, and o indicates that a representative of the 
genus occurs, the specific relation of which is indeterminate from the 
specimens in hand. The species are grouped so as to express their 
biological affinities, except under each genus the species are recorded 
in alphabetical order. The known range value of the species is indi- 
cated by the capital letters in the column at the extreme right. 0= 
Onondaga, M— Marcellus, H = Hamilton, G = Genesee, N=Nunda, a 
I=lthaca, C=Chemung, W=Waverly. 
The chart shows the faunal combinations and vertical range of 
species, as far as they can be determined from the collections at hand. 
These data are still too imperfect to serve as a basis for a conclusive 
judgment concerning the local peculiarities of the range and distribu- 
tion of the species, but they suggest points toward which future inves- 
tigation may be directed. 
In all the sections studied the fauna of the Hamilton formation of 
New York is conspicuous for its meagerness or total absence. In the 
more southern sections the fauna of the New York Chemung is like- 
wise scant or absent. 
Some, if not all, of the species from the Hamilton fauna recur 
above the Hamilton formation in the typical New York sections. 
a See footnote on p. 86. 
