ORGANS OF FLOWERING PLANTS 23 
summons from afar the birds that are to be its pollen 
bearers. 
(d) Carpels. In the bean, there is only one earpel 
and this constitutes the pistil of the flower. To examine 
this, break away the tube formed by the lower parts 
of the nine united stamens. The lower thicker part 
of the pistil is called the ovary. Split this and notice 
the ovules, which later on develop into seeds. At the 
end of the ovary is a more slender portion, the style, 
which is bent at right angles, and whose function is 
to place the stigma, the sticky part at the tip, in a 
suitable position for receiving the pollen carried to it 
by visiting insects. In most flowers we find more than 
one ecarpel, and these carpels may be united or free. 
In the former ease, collectively they form the pistil 
(Fig. 8). In the buttereup and clematis the carpels 
are free and each has its own ovary, style and stigma 
In the lily, the three earpels are united to 
form a single body, in which the ovary shows three 
chambers or cells, and the stigma spreads out into three 
lobes at the tip of the single style, which has been 
formed by the fusion of the styles of the three original 
earpels. Though the true function of the earpels is to 
produce and protect the seed we find that, in the 
iris, parts of them, the styles, are large and brightly 
coloured, and thus assist the petals in their work. 
2. The Fruit (Fig. 9) generally arises from the 
development of the ovary, though, as we have seen in 
the tutu, neighbouring structures may take part in its 
composition. The bean fruit is a pod which consists 
exclusively of the developed ovary and has the seeds 
attached in a row by funicles or little stalks to its 
interior surface. The shell of the pod is formed of 
the ovary wall which has become tough and firm to 
protect the seeds. In many eases, as in the cherry and 
blackberry, the fruit becomes succulent, and birds, 
