DEFINITION OF BOTANY IN PUBLIC 
EXAMINATIONS. 
SYLLABUS FOR TEACHERS’ D CERTIFICATE. 
The candidate will be required to show that he has acquired 
his knowledge of the following topics by observation, investi- 
gation and experiment:— 
_The organs of flowering plants, their arrangement and 
principal modifications; their functions, so far as they can be 
ascertained by observation and simple experiments. 
The general structure, distribution and arrangement of 
plant-tissues, so far as they can be studied with the aid of a 
good hand lens. The structure of fruits; the various kinds of 
fruits. 
The main phenomena of the life-history (excluding 
microscopic processes) of common flowering plants; germina- 
tion; establishment and growth; comparison of the different 
types of germination; the mechanism of pollination; fruit and 
seed dispersal. 
Structure of garden soil; different types of soil and their air 
and water contents; rough methods of mechanical analysis of 
soils. 
Elementary knowledge of the chemical constituents of 
plants and the sources from which the plant obtains them. 
Simple qualitative and quantitative experiments illustrating 
the nutrition of plants, the conduction of water and food 
substances in the plant, storage of reserve material, respiration, 
transpiration, irritability. 
The struggle for existence; adaptation of plants to their 
surroundings and to cold and drought, protection against 
animals; comparison of creeping plants, rosette-forming plants, 
shrubs, trees, and climbing-plants; the shapes of leaves and the 
causes to which they are due; plant societies. 
The identification of common trees at different seasons by 
means of various parts and organs, such as buds, bark, 
leaves, ete. 
5 
