FLOWER AND FRUIT 161 
members of different whorls there is said to be 
adhesion. For instance, in the snapdragon and 
nareissus the stamens are fused with the petals and 
are therefore said to be epipetalous. In the most 
primitive arrangement of the flower whorls, the sepals 
spring from the lowest part of the receptacle, the 
petals are given off above them, and these are followed, 
in succession, by the stamens and ecarpels. In such 
cases, the calyx is said to be inferior, the petals and 
stamens hypogynous (7.¢., below the gyncecium) (Gk. 
hypo under) and the ovary superior. In some flowers, 
the part of the receptacle bearing the sepals, petals and 
stamens is lifted up to form a ring or tube round the 
oynecium, but without touching it. In such cases the 
flower is said to be perigynous (Gk. pert round 
about). In all perigynous flowers there is a clear 
space, though sometimes very narrow, between 
the receptacle tube and the gynecium. Where the 
receptacle carries the petals and stamens right 
to the top of the ovary and fuses with it we 
have an epigynous flower in which eorolia and 
andreecium are on top of the ovary (Gk. epi upon). 
The epigynous condition may also arise from the 
sinking of the pistil into the receptacle, whereby the 
sepals, petals, and stamens are again placed on top of 
the ovary. The hypogynous condition, which is the 
most primitive, is found in the buttercup and lly, the 
perigynous in the pea and rose, and the epigynous in 
the daisy and iris. 
POLLINATION. 
When the pollen of a flower reaches the stigma of 
the same flower or of a flower of the same species, polli- 
nation takes place. In the former case we have self- 
pollination, and in the latter eross-pollination. When 
we examine a great number of different flowers, and 
find the numerous structures and arrangements 
L 
