182 BOTANY 
wharangi (Melicope), the geranium, parsnip, and 
mallow. The double samara of the sycamore is also a 
schizocarp. 
The fruit of the kowhai shows how schizocarps may 
be formed. The pod is constricted at intervals. If 
these constrictions resulted in the fruit breaking into 
one-seeded pieces, as in the radish, we should haye a 
lomentum. 
Succulent simple fruits (Fig. 118) have a soft 
fleshy pericarp. The following are the chief types :— 
1. The drupe is well exhibited in the plum, cherry, 
apricot, karaka, and coprosma. The pericarp of a 
drupe consists of three layers: an epicarp (Gk. epi 
upon) or skin on the outside, a mesocarp (Gk. mesos 
the middle) of soft material, and an endocarp (Gk. 
endo within) of hard stony material enclosing the seed. 
A walnut and a coconut are both drupes. On the 
outside is the skin, and inside this, in the walnut a 
fleshy, and in the coconut a fibrous, mesoecarp. In both 
eases, before the fruit is put on the market, the skin 
and mesocarp are removed, and what is sold is in each 
ease really the stone of the fruit, 7.e., the endocarp and 
seed. 
2. The berry is succulent and pulpy throughout its 
pericarp, and the seeds are scattered in the pulpy mass. 
This is well seen in the grape, gooseberry, orange, 
tomato, cucumber. tawa, and poroporo, ealled by the 
settlers the bullibulli (Solanum aviculare). The date 
is a berry, for, as we have already seen, the stone is 
not endoearp but endosperm. The banana is a berry 
from which seeds have been eliminated by selection. 
3. In the pome as shown in the apple, medlar, and 
hawthorn, the calyx tube and receptacle, becoming very 
fleshy, grow up round the earpels, enclosing and fusing 
with them. The remains of the sepal lobes are seen at 
the summit of the fruit. The core of the apple is 
derived from the carpels and is the true pericarp 
