190 
BOTANY 
III. Composite fruits formed from infloresrences— 
pine-apple, mulberry, hop. 
Protection is afforded to fruits by their spines, hard 
coverings, slender stalks, concealment underground, 
and, 
when young, by their acrid taste. 
Dispersal of seed is an advantage. 
10. 
11. 
1. Wind disperses when the seed is light, or where 
a wing or tuft of hairs is present. 
2. Water disperses seeds that float and are not 
injured by soaking. 
3. Animals distribute seeds that cling to their 
coats, and also pass seeds undigested. 
4. Explosive fruits scatter their seeds. 
5. Hygroscopic movements distribute geranium 
fruits. 
QUESTIONS ON CHAPTER VI. 
. Explain the functions of the different parts of a flower. 
. Describe the position of the nectaries in any four flowers 
you know, and show how this position is related to the 
pollination of the flower, 
. Deseribe four pollination mechanisms you know. 
. Explain the terms hypogynous, perigynous, epigynous. 
. What self-pollinated flowers do you know? What is 
cleistogamy ? 
. Explain the relation of the monecious and diwcious 
condition to pollination. 
. What are the characteristics of wind-pollinated flowers? 
Give examples. 
- How do you account for the white colour of so many New 
Zealand flowers? 
- Explain the relationship existing among the indefinite 
inflorescences. 
What advantage is derived from the arrangement of 
flowers in heads, umbels, and corymbs? 
What insects have you observed visiting the pea, salvia, 
wallflower, pansy, buttereup, and primrose? Where do 
they alight in each case? 
