204 BOTANY 
Gynecium.—Carpel one, bearing two feathery 
stigmas; ovary one-chambered, superior, containing 
one ovule. 
Fruit.—A caryopsis; seed contains endosperm. Seed 
coat and seed case (ovary wall) are fused together. 
Pollination—by wind for which the _ exserted 
stamens and abundance of light pollen and feathery 
stigmas are well suited. 
The characteristics of this order even to the 
presence of the ligule are very constant throughout 
the whole world. 
Floral Formula.—P 0+ 2A3+0G 1. 
This is intended to show that the grass is of the 
ordinary monocotyledonous type. The outer whorl of 
the perianth is missing. In the inner whorl the back 
lobe has been suppressed. It is the outer whorl of 
stamens that is complete, as is shown by the fact that 
the front stamen is opposite the gap between the two 
lodicules. The inner whorl of stamens is missing and 
the earpels are reduced to one. 
NEw ZEALAND EXAMPLES. 
1. Arundo conspicua (TJoectoe) is a tall grass 
forming clumps in swamps and damp places generally. 
The leaves are long and have a hard cutting edge due 
to the presence of silica. The inflorescence is a dense 
panicle much like that of pampas grass, but smaller 
and drooping. 
2. The danthonias are capital pasture grasses for 
poor clay lands. They are nutritious and much 
relished by stock. 
3. The poas, native representatives of the European 
meadow-bent grass, form much of the tussock land. 
INTRODUCED GRASSES, 
1, The bamboo. reproduces chiefly by rhizomes, 
and so successful is this method that its seed matures 
only once in about twenty years. 
