12 ENGLISH 
256 constricted — abruptly narrowed; tightened; e.g., urn below capsule mouth 
iN tor / ) Illum, A pt 1 splachnoides [f851, g1134, s273]. 
257 contiguous — the touching of similar or dissimilar parts without fusion; i.e., leaves so 
arranged on the stem that there is neither overlapping nor a clear space between them 
[f228, g61, 70, 146, s274]. 
258 contorted — irregularly curved or twisted (cf. tortuose) [(229, g366, s275]. 
259 contracted — abruptly narrowed or shortened [f230, g1134, s276]. 
260 convolute — rolled together and forming a sheath; e.g. perichaetial leaves of Holomitrium 
[f232, g1034, 1132, s277]. 
261 cordate — heart-shaped (in the traditional playing-card sense); leaf shape with the large, 
rounded ends at the base or point of attachment; e.g., Calliergon; (see auriculate) [f233, 
g458, s279]. 
262 coriaceous — thick, leathery [f234, g632, s283]. 
263 corner thickening — see trigone and collenchymatous [f348, g245, s390]. 
264 corrugate — regularly wavy; wrinkled (see rugose, undulate) [f864, 2864, 11091, s284]. 
265 cortex (pl. cortices) — stem tissue located between the central strand and epidermis, either 
of which may not be differentiated; often used in liverworts to denote the differentiated 
outer rind or epidermal cell layer of the stem (cf. epidermis, medulla) [f235, g845, s285]. 
266 cortical — of or relating to the cortex [f236, g846, s286]. 
267 corticolous — growing on bark [f237, g195, s287]. 
268 cosmopolitan — occuring in all major floristic zones of the world [f238, g601, s288]. 
269 costa (pl costae) — nerve or midrib of a leaf, always more than one cell thick [f240, g851, 
s289 
] 
270 costate — with a costa [f239, g853, s779]. 
271 crenate — with rounded teeth (see crenulate) [f245, g561, s290]. 
272 crenophilous — thriving in springs [f1069, g606, s524]. 
273 crenulate — with minute, rounded teeth (subjectively distinct from crenate) [f246, g574, 
s291]. 
274 cribrose — finely perforated; e.g. peristome teeth of Grimmia [f247, g243, 925, s294]. 
275 crisped (crispate) —- wavy; often used more loosely to mean variously curled, twisted and 
contorted.276 cristate -- crested; bearing a crest-like ridge [f248, g603, s292]. 
276 cristate — crested; bearing a crest-like ridge [f249, g543, s293]. 
2T] cruciate — cross-shaped; e.g., the four setae initials formed by two divisions of a single 
cell, the second division at right angles to the first, thus yielding at maturity a seta 
composed of four distinct cellular clusters in the form of a cross, when viewed in 
transverse section [f250, g607, s297]. 
278 crymocolous — growing in tundra or polar regions [f251, g612, s948]. 
279 — having immersed stomata, with the guard cells sunken below level of the 
exothecial cells and often * covered by them (opposed to phaneropore) [f252, g613, 
s295]. 
280 cucullate — hooded or hood-shaped; a calyptra split along one side only; also used to 
describe leaves strongly concave and erect or inflexed at the tips, like a monk's cowl; €.g. 
Aloinella (£253, g550, s301]. 
e cultriform — shaped like a knife or plowshare; curved and asymmetric [f254, g672, s306]. 
cuneate (cuneiform) —- wedge-shaped; e.g., the wedge-shaped apical cell of hornworts and 
