ENGLISH 19 
431 flaccid — soft, limp [f420, g885, s517]. 
432 flagelliform — whiplike; branches with a gradual attenuation from ordinary leaves at the 
branch base to vestigial-leaved branch tips; e.g., Isothecium stoloniferum (cf. 
stoloniferous) [f419, g377, 740, s518] 
433 flagellum (pl. flagella) -- a whip-like structure of bryophyte spermatozoids, functioning in 
locomotion [f418, g336, s519]. 
434 flexuose — slightly and irregularly bent, twisted, or wavy [f421, g364, s520]. 
435 foliicolous — see epiphyllous [f423, g342, s521]. 
436 foliose — leafy or leaf-like; closely covered with leaves [f422, g141, s522]. 
437 foot — the basal portion of most bryophyte sporophytes, embedded in the gametophyte 
and serving as both an organ of absorption and attachment [f744, g352, s872]. 
438 forcipate — curved inward like nippers [f1077, g1103, s525]. 
439 fornicate — arched; with scale-like appendages [f85, g400, s5277]. 
440 fovea (pl. foveae) — a depression or pit; e.g., some spores of Bruchia. [f427, g419, s530]. 
441 foveolate — pitted [f428, g420, s531]. 
2 fragmentation -- breaking up; a method of vegetative reproduction in which all or part of 
an organism is separated into parts capable of producing a new organism; e.g., found in 
various thalloid liverworts [f429, g108, s532]. 
443 free surface — applied to the exposed surface of an apical cell that is not surrounded by 
cell segments; that surface not in contact with other cells [f390, g346, s1069]. 
444 fringed —- with a shortly ciliate margin or edge (see fimbriate) [f430, g369, s30]. 
445 frond — the branched or foliose part of an erect stem, including branches, of a dendroid or 
frondose moss and some thalloid liverworts [f431, g628, 533]. 
446 frondose — leaflike; resembling a fern frond; (in mosses-) closely and regularly branched 
in one plane (pinnate); e.g., Thuidium; (in liverworts-) a thallus that is crisped or lobed 
[f432, g629, s534]. 
447 fruit — archiac term for the capsule or, more loosely, the sporophyte [f433, g347, s535]. 
448 fugacious — vanishing or readily falling away (see caducous, deciduous) [f434, g339, 467, 
s536 
449 fulvous — tawny; dull yellow-brown [f400, g859, s537]. 
450 fundamental square — rectilinear arrangement of cells consisting of four central cells 
surrounded by a single ring of eight cells, as seen in transverse section of a young capsule 
[f1078, g422, s299]. 
451 fundus (pl. fundi) — base or bottom; e.g. neck of capsule or base of peristome tooth [f100, 
g421, s523]. 
452 funiform - rope-like [f435, g914, s538]. 
453 furcate — forked (see bifurcate) [f426, g353, 371, 376, s539]. 
454 furfuraceous -- scaly [f436. 
455 furrowed — grooved; e.g., indenkátion own the dorsal surface of an exostome tooth of an 
Acroporium peristome [f909, g370, 850, $1065]. 
456 fuscous -- dusky, dull dark-brown [f424, g240, s541]. 
457 fusiform — spindle-shaped; narrow (more than 3 times as long as wide) and tapered at 
both ends [f437, g944, s542]. 
