ENGLISH 37 
840 proliferous — continuing growth by the production of new stems or innovations [f792, 
g961, s923]. 
841 prominent -- obvious, standing out [f791, g457, s924]. 
842 propagulum (propagule) — reduced bud, branch, or leaf serving in vegetative 
reproduction (syn. diaspore, see brood-body) [f793, g-, s925]. 
843 prorate — having papillae or mammillae borne at the tips of cells, or formed by projecting 
cell ends (syn. scindulose); e.g., Philonotis [f605, 702, g884, s926]. 
844 prosenchyma (pl. prosenchymata) — a tissue made up of narrow elongate cells with 
tapered overlapping end walls (opposed to parenchyma) [f796, g792, s927]. 
845 prostome — a rudimentary structure outside, and usually adhering to, the main peristome 
teeth; e.g., Pterobryaceae (also called preperistome) [f797, g1079, s928]. 
846 prostrate — laying flat on the ground; creeping [f798, g608, s913]. 
847 protandrous — applied to monoicous bryophytes that mature and release spermatids prior 
to the maturation of the archegonia on the same plant (cf. protogynous) [f799, g794, 
s930]. 
848 prothallial sporeling -- applied to small thalloid protonema; e.g., Sphagnum [f804, g795, 
s886 
]. 
849 prothallus (pl. prothalli) -- small, undifferentiated thallus, loosely used for a thalloid 
protonema; e.g., Sphagnum [f800, g796, s929]. 
850 protogynous -- applied to monoicous bryophytes that produce mature archegonia before 
maturation and release of spermatids on the same plant (cf. protandrous) [f801, g797, 
s931]. 
851 protonema (pl. protonemata) — a filamentous, globose or thalloid structure resulting from 
spore germination and including all stages of development up to the production of one or 
more gametophores. The protonema is extremely variable as to the amount of chlorophyll 
present, the degree of obliqueness of its end walls and the degree to which it branches 
(cf. chloronema, and caulomena). In liverworts a globose, short thalloid or filamentous 
structure generally gives rise to a single gametophore; in mosses the protonema is 
typically filamentous although Sphagnum, Andreaea and Tetraphis have 5 thallose 
protonemata. In a few taxa two morphologically distinct protonematal phases occur, a 
primary protonema and a secondary protonema,; e.g., Jubula and Andreaea; (see 
regenerate protonema) [f802, g798, 1078, s932]. 
852 proximal — near the base or point of attachment; the internal face of a spore (opposed to 
distal) [f805, g799, s934]. 
852a pruinose (pruinate) — having a bloom on the surface [f807, g-, s935]. 
853 pseudautoicous — see autoicous [f808, g800, s938]. 
854 pseudoannulus (pl. pseudoannuli) — an apparent nondeciduous annulus consisting of 
small non-vesiculose cells [f401, g801, s937]. 
855 pseudodichotomous - false dichotomy; branching in which two more or less equal stems 
or thalli are produced, but not by the equal division of an apical cell (cf. dichotomous; 
bifurcate) [f399, g802, s939]. 
856 pseudodistichous — strongly complanate; with leaves spirally arranged but appearing to 
alternate in two oposite rows; e.g. PAyllogonium [f809, g803, s940]. 
857 pseudoelater (pl. pseudoelateres, pseudoelaters) -- false elater; the unicellular or 
multicellular sterile cells of the hornworts developed after a few mitotic divisions and 
