SCALE-INSECTS. 13 
The males are thus so small and rapid in their movements 
that it is difficult in most cases to find them in a free state. 
The usual way to procure them is by hatching them from the 
pup. In their course of life they pass through four stages, as 
do the females—viz.: 1, the egg; 2, the larva; 8, the pupa; 
4, the full-grown insect. 
1. The egg is, as far as can be made out, precisely the same 
as that of the female, though Dr. Signoret believes that in one 
or two species there may perhaps be minute differences. 
2. The larva is, as stated above, similar to that of the 
female. 
3. The pupa. Here the first distinctions between the sexes 
may be noted, and these are principally observable in the 
cocoons or puparia, rather than in the insect itself—at least to 
outward appearance. The male pupa is, in all cases—even in 
those where the female pupa is naked—enclosed in some kind 
of covermg. In the Diaspidine the puparium is formed partly 
of fibrous secretion and partly of discarded skin; only, as the 
full-grown male emerges from it as a fly, and does not remain 
on the plant, there can be only one such skin—that of the 
larva; consequently it is easy to distinguish the male puparia 
from the shields of the adult females by the presence of only 
one discarded pellicle instead of two. In the Lecanidine and 
the Coccidine the male puparia are distinguishable usually by a 
narrower and more cylindrical form than those of the females, 
where these latter are covered; in the naked species the males 
are generally in white waxy or cottony cocoons. 
Examination of the pupz in these coverings will generally 
show more or less developed processes on the back and sides, 
which are so evidently the rudiments of the future wings that 
the presence of a male is not doubtful. In other respects the 
male pup are not always to be distinguished from the females. 
3. The full-grown male has been described above. It is 
usually easy to procure specimens, provided the pup are ob- 
tained. If any of these, in their coverings, are put into pill- 
boxes with glass tops, or any place where light reaches them, 
they will generally produce the full-grown insect sometimes in 
a few days, sometimes after several weeks. The time of year 
for this seems very variable. Males emerge from the puparia 
apparently indifferently (in New Zealand) in summer or winter. 
