508 
alone would enrich the kingdom; butif the 
population increafed; the large proportion 
of vineyards to fields would be diminifhed; 
for it appears that the people here, as in 
other places, plant with vines thofe foils 
which would be the moft fertile in grain. 
‘Tobacco alfo is a very important article ; 
and in general it appears that this rich 
country might be made to yield double its 
prefent crops, if it were cultivated in’ the 
methods employed in the refi of Europe. 
The fubjeé of the fecond part of this 
work is the government and civil law of 
the kingdom. The fundamental part of 
the Hungarian code is contained in the 
Golden Bull of Andrew II.- From the 
conftitution of the ftate, the Emperor 
Francis holds his title of King of Hun- 
gary from his hereditary defcent, and from 
the act of coronaticn. To this ceremony, 
the inaugural or facred diploma,, and the 
oath taken by the fovereign upon the Hun- 
gafian crown, are indifpenfable requifites. 
They attach an idea of fanétity to the 
crown itfelf, independently of its immenfe 
value. 
The period for the King’s majority is 
not yet fixed by the conftitution. An an- 
cient law conftitutes the Eleétor Palatine 
guardian of the King when a minor. The 
king of Hungary has decidedly the prece- 
dence over the King of Bohemia; but 
this is not yet determined between the 
Kings of. Portugal, Sardinia, and Hun- 
gary. 
Every Hungarian gentleman may be ac- 
cufed, but he cannot be arrefted, till he 
has appeared before a tribunal of his 
peers, and has been by them declared 
guilty. This inviolability of perfon, how- 
ever, does not extend to the crime of hich 
treafon, nor to-a nobleman notorioufly 
given to robbery, or known to be an in- 
cendiary, an adulterer, ‘or unfaithful to 
the adminiftration of the finances. 
The Emperor Leopold, in the diet cf 
1791, caufed a regulation to be made, that 
the fucceffor to the throne fhould be crewn- 
ed, at the lateft, within five months trom 
the deceafe of the laf King, with this 
claefe, that, excepting the’ confirmation of 
the national privileges, the new King 
fhould exercife al] the rights of the fove- 
reign, and receive the fwpport ofthe nobi- 
lity, before, as well as after, his corcna- 
tion. . 
The primate of Hungary has the fame 
privileges with the nobility ; but he is 
alfo obliged to appear in arms if his coun-, 
try 1s attacked. 
By the law of mortmain, which is efa- 
Statiftical Account of Hungary. 
Cluly 
blifhed in Hungary, the ecclefiaftical effa- 
bluhment can with difficulty receive any 
permanent advantage from tefiamentary 
gifts. The Hungarian. bifhops, and ail 
the religious eftablifhments, have b:en 
taxed (the author thinks) about twenty 
per cent of their revenue, fince’ the year 
1791, for the maintenance of the fortreffes, 
There are no longer any ferfs, and. the 
ftate of the peafants has been very good 
fince Leopold IT. 
as the citizens have the right of appeal to 
the fupreme tribunal: a right, which, be- 
fore 1792, belonged only to the nobility, 
and was confined to the cafe of homicide. 
The comtituent parts of the a&tval ad- 
miniftration are,—the Hungarian court ¢£ 
Chancery, which is the immediate organ of 
the reyal will for every thing which con= 
cerns the King ; and the fupreme council 
of ftate eftablifhed at Ofen, from which 
proceeds the adminiftration. of juftice, of 
the finances, and of the civil government. 
The Emperor Jofeph II. excluded from 
this bedy, as well as from all the func-' 
tions of the civil adminiftration, the bi- 
fhops, who were formerly entrufted with 
the ecclefiaftical concerns. u 
In 1785, he united this council ‘to the 
royal chamber ; but, in> r797, they were 
again feparated, and the primate of the 
kingdom nominated two bifhops to the fu-. 
preme council. 
There are a number of cafes for which 
no provifion is made by the laws in Hun- 
gary; and the code i:felf contains many 
perplexing or contradi€tory parts, fome- 
times determining from analogy, fometimes 
from precedent; and the kingdom is ftill 
without a code of penal-laws, criminal ju- 
rifprudence, or any regylar form of pro- 
cedure in thefe cafes acknowledged by the 
cing or the ftate. The cuftoms of the Gor- 
pus Juris Hungarict are the fame as the 
ancient criminal law eftablifhedin Au€@ria 
under Charles V. in fome degree modified, 
and were introduced by Ferdinand ETI. 
Before Jofeph 11. the moft crying abufes 
were mixed with this part of the law, and, 
notwithftanding his regulations, the pu- 
nifhment of crimes is very uncertain. . In 
Hungary, where there is but a fingle 
writer on crimes and punifhments and- 
the principles of civil law, (Matthias Bodo 
in 1751), the proceedings are very flow 
and embarraffed. ; 
Hungary commonly raifes nine regi- 
ments of infantry, aud feven of cavalry or 
huffars. The former confit of 000° men 
each, and the iatter of 206; but they are- 
confiderabiy reinforced in time of war, 
. 
The peafants: as well 
ewing | 
