-646 
not inhere in the mind; and Reinhard’s, 
fireng as it is, has been fomewhat nubi- 
lated in the {chool of Kant. 
 $©Grundfatze des Peinlichen Rechts, 
von P. J. A. FenerBacu.”—~The The- 
ory of PenalJufice-is an important branch 
of political metaphyfics, the ftudy of which 
is likely to contribute much to a better ar- 
rangement of crimes and punifhments. 
Beccaria’s doctrine, that the damage done 
to fociety ought to be the meafure of pu- 
nifhments, is abandoned: punifhments are 
not vindictive, but prof{pective, and fhould 
Keep exclufively in view the future preven- 
tion, of evil. Several other treatifes. in 
this line might be catalogued. © 
<¢ Grund{atze des Naturlichen Staatf- 
rechts, von K. H. HEYDENREICH.’”— 
Avhafty Sketch of a Comprehenfive Syf- 
tem of Civic Morality and International 
Obligation. 
«© Geift des Gretius, von G. A. Tit- 
TEL.” —The Spirit—no, the Skeleton— 
of Grotius ; an epitome inferior to that 
of Ompteda. 
‘© Veriuch einer Grundlegung zur 
Rechtflehre, von J. H. Mever.”—Thefe 
firt lines (as a Scotch Profeflor would 
callthem) of jurifprudence, are drawn u 
in that fcholaftic diétion which the Kant- 
ians affe&t. It is preferable to the barra- 
gouin of a profeffional lawyer, becaufe lefs 
local; but not to the perfpicuity of a Pa- 
rifian philofopher. Martens and Gunther 
feem forgotten becaufe they are clear. 
«* Handbuch der in netn Staats ver wal- 
tung, von-J. von SONNENFELS.”—A 
work, by one of the Abbé Barruel’s Illu- 
minees, who is, however, a friend to re- 
ligion and to order, and fo fuperftitioufly 
inimical to the French Revolution as. to 
apologize for quoting the contrat focial. It 
treats of interior policy, and is wellexecuted. 
“ Nothwendigkeit einer Allegememen 
Szcularization.”? | 
“‘ Unrechtmaffigkeit der Szecularifirun- 
gen, &c. &c.”—Twenty or more pam- 
pilets, which it is ufelefs to enumerate, 
have appeared, and are appearing, on the 
fubje&t of Secularizing the Ecclefiaftical 
Sovereignties of Germany. Very many of 
them ferve merely as vehicles for difcuffing 
thofe changes in the Germanic conftitution 
for which the political reformers, the pu- 
pils of illuminifm, are anxious. Specula- 
tions,are thrown out, as if the whole North 
of Germany, within the line of demarca- 
tion might very conveniently become a fe- 
parate empire, with the fupreme title he- 
reditary in the houfe of Brandenburg— 
Eleétors and Counts to form a diet of 
Princes, each having one, five, or ten 
votes, according fo his prefent relative 
cenfegusnce, and merging his local foyve. 
Retrofpelt of German Literature—Moral Philofophy, Se. 
reienty in the extended co-foy®*ignty. 
New circles, called after the Germ1n great 
men, to depute members to a dietine, and 
the imperial cities to participate in this 
regulation. All religions to have equal 
political rights, &c. &c. But fuch arrange- 
ments are more likely to obtain plaudits in 
a congrefs of Freemafons at Wilhelmfbad, 
than at the next rehearfal of the lentitu- 
dinous reprefentations of Raftadt. , 
“¢ Urfachen, des Englifchen National 
Reichthums, von G. F. NrgMBYER.”’—= 
The wealth of England is here rather ex- 
tolled, than accounted for. A geogra- 
phical conformation, which has conferred 
on a {mall territory an extraordinary ex- 
tent of coaft, could not but difpofe the in- 
habitants to maritime occupations, to fifh- 
ery, to commerce, and to remote coloni - 
zation. Manufactures are the refult of 
tranfmarine traffic, and agriculture of © 
the populoufnefs locally accumulated by 
manufaétures. As to capital, it is a no- 
minal thing, a paper-fiction, the mint- 
age of credit, the creature of convention, 
the exhalation ofa fignature. It tends there- 
therefore to abound in exact proportion te 
to the probity and prudence of the’ people. 
MORAL PHILOSOPHY, METAPHYSICS, | 
EDUCATION, 6c.) (50) 
«¢ Theorie der Sammthchen Religions 
arten, von D. Heynic.’? ‘The order in 
which the feveral poffible forms of reli- 
gion arife, correfponds univerfally, in this 
writer’s opinion, with the progrefs of na- 
tional’ culture: at firft he deteéts every 
where fetifhifm, or the worfhip of tools, 
like that of Negroes for their kettles ; fe- 
condly, uranotheifm, or the worfhip of — 
fun, moon, thunder and meteors ; thirdly, 
herotheifm, or the worfhip of deified men ; 
fourthly, monotheifm; and fifthly and 
laftly, Chriftianifm, or Deifm improved 
by the doétrine of pofthumous retribu- 
tion. 
‘© Grundrifs der Metaphyfik, von Kz 
C. E. Scumip.” Old lead, recaft in the 
mould of Kant. sitive 
“< Theorie des Miifliggans und der 
Faulen Rinfte.’—This theory of idle- 
nefs, and critique of lazy tricks, is a 
very amufing piece of humour, which 
well parodies the formalitics of German 
philofophy, and well fatirizes the foibles 
of literary loungers: but there is too 
much of it. i Mees 
‘© Maximum fen Archimetria.”” Seem- 
ingly an attempt to teaeh in {cholaf- 
ticLatin the realilm of former philofophers, 
in oppofition to thofe followers of Kant 
who have fupported idealifm: yet a ten= 
dency to irony and to moral libertinifm 
pervades the book, and fuggefts the fut- 
Picion of its being intended for an expe-_ 
riment 
