212 
They went to the guillotine (as might 
be expected) with the fame enthufiafm, 
Ginging hymns, and occafionally obferving 
to the people on the way—‘* Nous allons 
au ciel” —We are going to heaven!— 
This was one of the moft remarkable of 
the tragical fcenes, which were acted in 
Bourdeaux. It appears to me a capital 
error in the French criminal code, that no 
power of pardoning, under certain circum- 
fiances, is allowed, either to the judges, or 
even to the government itfelf. It is -fup- 
pofed here, that that would be placing 
individuals above the law. 
This fuppofition, I think, proceeds 
‘from the definition, particular provinces 
and bounds of juftice and mercy not being 
generallyunderftood. Thelaw,notbeing able 
to comprehend or forefee every particular 
cafe, is neceffarily general. Striét jultice 
then declares, that fuch an ation is or is 
not within the letter cf the general law. 
But mercy (properly underjjood) is then 
to examine, whether the particular cafe is 
within the fpirit and the meaning of the 
Jaw—whether thofe who made the law 
would, if they had only that particular 
cafe in their eye, affign the punifhment ‘de- 
clared in the general law. So that it 
appears, that mercy, fo tar from being in 
oppofition to the law, decides in the very 
{pirit of the law, and of thofe who made 
the law ; and, inftead of being in oppofi- 
tion to jultice, is its coadjutor. 
This power then ought to be confided 
fomewhere, either to the government or 
the judicial power. 
At prefent there are as few executions 
in France as in any other great country, 
and there is every reafon to fuppofe, that 
the French will very foon completely re- 
gain that mildnefs of character for which 
they have been fo long diftinguifhed. 
(To be continued). 
a 
For the Monthly Magazine. 
ACCOUNT OF DR. GALL’S CRANIOSCO- 
PICAL LECTURES. 
'OR many years Dr. Gall], an eminent 
A” phyfician in Vienna, had, from a 
comparifon of the heads of animais with 
thofe of men, been drawing refults rela- 
tive to the configuration of their fkulls, 
whence, he aflerts, the faculties of the 
foul might likewile be determined. To 
enable him to carry on with fuccefs his 
curious refearches, he formed a well-chofen 
collection of {culls of-men as well as ani- 
mals, and from thefe he demonftrated his 
new {cience of craniofcopy, which differs 
in this refpeét from the {cience of phyfio- 
gnomy, as it is taught by Lavater and his - 
diiciples, that Dr. Gall pays no attention 
.and powers. 
_ P+ 70, 8vo. 
“Account of Dr. Gall’s Leélures on the Skull. [October t, 
to the folid and foft part of the counte- 
nance, and the traits and lineaments of 
the face. Dr. Gall is of opinion, that 
the organ of the foul is in the brain. 
The fize and fituation of the brain, 
which is different in every individual, very 
early makes an impreffion on the fubftance 
of the fcull, producing certain indentings 
and elevations, from feeling which we 
may draw conclufions relative to certain 
correfponding powers and difpofitions of © 
the foul. They are therefore called by 
Dr. Gall the organs of thefe inclinations 
Thus, for inftance, he 
makes the {pace of about an inch above 
and behind the ear the organ of mettle and 
courage, . Courageous mettlefome mien 
and animals have, in that place an arch-- 
ed protuberance, which is wanting in all 
thofe of an oppofite character. In met- 
tlefome horfes, therefore, the back part of 
the head is very broad, becaufe in them 
the organs of courage are very much de~ 
_veleped—a circumftance that has not 
e{caped the attention of borfe-dealers. His 
fix organs of memory are’in particular very 
interefting. Dr. Gall has not yet com- 
municated the whole of his theory in 
print to the public, only an Introduc- 
tion to it having been publifhed. But 
he has, for feveral years, read private lec- 
tures on that anterefting fubjeét to a fixed 
number of amateurs. One of his pupils, 
Dr. Froriep, Profeffor of Ofteology and: 
Diatetics at the Univerfity of Jena, pub- 
lifhed, in 1801, a Darftellung der neuen 
Theorie der Phyfiognomik des Dr. Gall i# 
Wien—(View of Dr. Gall’s new Theory 
of Phyfiognomy), with a plate, Weimar, 
By a perufal of this well- 
written tract, the curious enquirer will be 
enabled to form a correét idea of Dr. 
Gall’s_ Encephalo-craniofcopy, the term 
by which his difciples diftinguifh this new 
fcience. It may eafily be fuppofed, that 
Dr. Gall confidered it of the utmoft im-- 
portance to add to his collection as many 
{culls as poffible that had belonged to il- 
luftrious cr notorious men, as the organs 
found in them might ferve as proofs of his © 
affertions.. By various means, he obtain< 
ed the feulls of feveral eminent literati and 
ftatefmen. Blumauer and Axlinger, two 
celebiated poets, dilpoied of their heads in 
their life-time in favoar of the de- 
monftrator. He likewife got into his pof- 
feffion the feull of the late Field-marfhal 
Wurmier, in which the above-mentioned 
organ of courage was very apparent, as 
likewife in the {cull of a noted fighting 
hackney-coachman of Vienna, whoie head 
now ftands very amicably on the fame 
fhelf with that of the leader of armies. 
; Many 
