Retrofpect of American Literature—Divinity, Morals, Se. 619 
rogrefs, and prefent ftrength of thefe 
parties, are {uppofed to be fufficiently 
underftood in many parts of Europe. It 
is equally known, that a majority of 
the people, difgulted with the proceed- 
mgs of the Federal-adminiftration, on 
account of certain encroachments fup- 
pofed to have been made on their pri- 
vileges, a wafteful expenditure of pub- 
lic money believed to have been com- 
muitted, and an intolerance exercifed 
towards all fuch as did not ‘choofe to 
adopt the creed ef the:governing par- 
ty combined in the peaceable mode of 
election to-difmifs the principal officers 
of that party from the government of 
the Union, and to place the Republi- 
cans in power. Itis now more thana 
twelvemonth fince Mr. Jefferfon:-enter- 
ed on the functions of Prefident, and 
began a fyfiem of reform whichbyis like- 
ly to be produétive of the happieft con- 
fequences. The true {pirit of the con- 
ftitution, a genuine attachment to po- 
hitical liberty, a liberal attention to 
virtue and talents in perfons of all par- 
ties, are once more obferved to guide 
the man whom the people have placed 
at the helm of the-government. 
The favings in public expenditure 
already amount to a great fum, and 
will eonfiderably lighten the burdens af 
the people. ‘ The Report of the Se- 
cretary of the Treafury, on the State of 
the Finances ot the United States,” 
fubmitted to the Houfe of Reprefenta- 
tives towards the clofe of the year 
rS$o1, prefents a very flattering view of 
the public funds and refources, and 
affords a well-grounded affurance, that 
the whole public debt may, be redeem- 
ed in the courfe of fifteen years. In 
- order to effect the redemption of the 
debt, within the period,juft mentioned, 
no new taxes will be neceflary, unlefs 
war, or fome other public calamity, 
fhould happen to intervene. Indeed, 
fo great las been the reduction of ex- 
penditure accomplithed by the Repub- 
Jican-adminiltration, that the Legifla- 
ture of the Union has abolifhed all ex- 
cifes and other branches of internal 
revenue, moft of which had been in-- 
convenient and odious to the people. . 
Much difference of epinion, and vi- 
olence of party-fpirit, was produced in 
the late Sefficn of Congrefs, by the re- 
peal of a law which had erected a new 
dyftem, of circuit-courts, and created 
fixteen additional judges. This law 
was paffed at the clofe of Mr. Adams’s 
sdminiftration, and was confidered by 
MoxtTuLy Mac, No. 96, 
many as a laft effort of the expiring 
faétion, to preferve their influence in 
the government, and to prepare the 
way for their return to the feats of 
authority and power. The number of 
fuits in the courts of the United States 
had always been fmall, and was not in 
atrain of rapid increafe; as the great 
mafs of legal bufine{s was tramfacted in 
the courts of the individual ftates. On 
this account, the new fyftem was {up- 
pofed to be unneceflary ; and the ex- 
pence and patronage of it were thought 
to have been created, not only with- 
out juft caufe, but to ferve mifchievous 
purpofes. A billtorepeal the law con- 
ftituting thefe new courts was brought 
into the Legiflature at an early period 
of the feflion. The paffing of the bill 
was debated with great warmth. On 
the part of the Repudlicans it was con- 
tended, that the courts newly erected 
were fuperfluous, expenfive, and con- 
trived chiefly to provide for a number 
oz the adherents of the late adminiftra- 
tion. On the part of the Federalifts it 
was maintained, that the repeal would 
be unconftitutional and inexpedient. 
«* The Speech of Mr. Giles,” in favour 
of the repeal, gives a fketch of the hif- 
tory of parties in the United States ; 
an account of the rife and progrefs of 
the bill to ereét the new courts, defends 
the conftitutionality and expediency of 
the repeal, and urges it by a variety of 
powerful confiderations. ‘* The Speech 
of Mr. Bayard,”’ in oppofition to the 
repeal, is chiefly calculated to anfwer 
the arguments, and to repel the charges 
and affertions of Mr. Giles and the 
other advocates of the repeal. Thefe 
two {peeches are generally regarded as. 
the ableft of thofe which were deli- 
vered on this fubjeét, and on-that ac-~ 
count were feleéted and publithed for 
the purpofe of more general circula- 
tion. 
_ The amendment in the plan of na- 
turalization, and the reduction of the 
period of refidence necellary to obfain 
it, from fourteen to five years, which 
was alfoa con{fpicuous mea{ure of the - 
late feflion of Congrefs, will give fo- 
reigners an impreffion of the growing 
liberality of the American Govern- 
ment. 
DIVINITY, MORALS, SERMONS, &c. 
‘Under this head, we find a continu- 
ance of the publication of ** Dr. W1.- 
THERSPOON’s Works,” which, though 
chiefly devoted to theological fubjects, 
embrace a great variety of matter, 
4K The 
