630 
toa great extent: and by the ftatutes 
of the city, the Coniuls were obliged 
to prefent the; religious communities 
with a certain.portion yearly, arifing 
out of the cuffoms or duties on. that 
article. Sugar, brought from Alexan- 
dria, was another branch of trade; and , 
there feems to have been a great con- 
dumption of it in the ith Century. 
Albert of Aix calls it zucra; andhe 
fantaftically remarks, that it was the 
honey, mentioned in Scripture, of 
which Jonathan, the fon of Saul, is 
faid to have tafted. He, at the fame 
‘time, gives an account, not only of its 
cultivation, but of the manner in 
which it was manufactured, during 
‘that period :— Quoufque coaguletur 
et indurefcat fub. fpecie nivis et falis 
albi, quem rafum cum pane mifcentes 
aut cum aqua terentes, pro pulmento 
famunt, et fupra favum mellis guftan- 
tibus dulce et falubre videtur.”’ 
It alfo appears, that during the 
Fifteenth Century Provence was al- 
ready diftinguithed for its trade in filk, 
and Marfeilles in particular was fa- 
mous for its furs, which were worn on 
moff of the garments. All the portraits 
of King René reprefent his neck en- 
veloped in fkins—fuch as the ermine, 
he martin, &c. 
One of the chief caufes that contri- 
buted to the commerce of Marfeilles, 
during thofe early times, was the op1- 
nion then prevalent there, that men of 
liluftrious birth could enter into trade, 
without derogating from their dignity ; 
for the heads of many diftinguifhed 
families of that city did not forget to 
add their titles to their profeflion; and 
nothing was then more common than 
to fay, Vir Nobilis Mercator. 
«© Etats Unis de ] Amerique,” &c.— 
The United States of America, at the 
end of the Eighteenth Century, by J. 
E. BONNET, 2 vols. 8vo. f 
The author, like many of his coun- 
trymen, appears to have emigrated to 
America during the late troubles in > 
Europe, and to have feized the firlt op- 
portunity of returning tothe place that 
gave him birth. He propofes thirty- 
feven queftions, relative to the Tranf- 
atlantic Continent, which embrace the 
political, moral, and phyfical fituation 
of the country of which he treats; and 
the two volumes written by him, are to 
be confidered as the an{wers. 
_ M. Bonnet begins by detailing the 
particulars of that war, which conferred 
independence upon the United States: 
Retrofpett of French Literature. Hiftory. 
he then difcuffes the prefent conftitue 
tion, the debts, finances, &c. Accord- 
ing to him, the population doubles 
every twenty years; and, what is not 2 
little extraordinary, he afferts, that 
the foreigners, who repair thither, con- 
tribute, in a very imall portion, to 
that event, and are but little fervice- 
able to the profperity of the State. 
‘TE {prit de PHiftoire; ou, Lettres 
Politiques et Morales d’un Pére a fon 
‘Fils, fur la Maniére d’étudier Hiftoire 
en général, et particuli¢rement ?Hif- 
toire de France, Paris, 4. vols. 8vo.””— 
The Spirit of Hiftory ; or, Letters Po- 
litical and Moral from a Father to his 
Son, &c. 
M. Feranp, formerly 2 Member of 
the Parliament of Paris, is the author 
of this work, which he addreffes to his 
fon, who appears to be deftined for a 
political career. Hiitory is here divid- 
ed.into four grand epochs: in the two 
firft volumes, we are prefented with an 
idea of the laws and government of the 
ancients; the third contains an account 
of the changes that have taken place in 
the Euromean monarchies; and the 
fourth is exclufively appropriated toa 
detail of the revolutions that have 
taken place among a few of the moft 
confpicuous of thefe. The errors and 
the advantages of their political infti- 
tutions are examined, and it is endea- 
voured to appreciate tlie principles, by 
the developement of which they have 
been found to flourifh, or to dwindle 
into infignificance. 
This ancient member of the Robe 
appears to have feized on the prefent 
eccafion to develope his political fenti- 
ments, as he perhaps thinks that an at- 
tachment to a pure unmixed monar- 
chy will not now be difagreeable to the 
government. of France. -He exhibits,. 
and endeavours to infpire, throughout 
every page, his abhorrence of republi- 
can inftitutions, and he never mentions 
Sparta, Athens, or Rome, but to ex- 
prefs his deteftation of thofeinftitu-. 
tions, which rendered them fo céle- 
brated. When he ‘arrives at the pe- 
riod of Auguftus, he infits “that the 
Romans were but too happy in having 
fuch a matter.” 
MEDICINE. 
“ Hiftoire Medicale de lArmée 
D’Orient, par le Medecin en Chef, 
R. DESGENETTES, 1 vol. 8vo.”—Me- 
dical Hiftory of the Army of the Eaft, 
by R. Defgenettes, Chief Phyfician. 
It appears, from this curious and in- 
terefting 
