414 
ednefs, is prefented by fome houfes facing 
the fouthern ramparts, which, with their 
adjoining gardens, difplay an attention to 
neatnefs and elegance very fuperior to the 
general appearance. In the north-weft 
divifion of Hamburg, or, as it is frequently 
called, the Nezu Zown, more fpacicus 
ftreets and elegant houfes, a fuperior at- 
tention to arrangement and cleanlinefs, 
and a more modern ftyle of architecture 
prevails. Some public buildings here dif- 
play an elegant exterior. Areas allow a 
more free circulation of a purer air; an 
air unfaturated with the efiluvia of a 
market, and untainted with the vapours 
of a foul canal. The upper haven, de{- 
tined to receive the produce of the inte- 
rior of Germany, is fituated to the eaft- 
ward of the Marth; the lower haven, for 
veflels from the lower regions of the Elbe 
and from the North Sea, at the oppofite 
extremity of the fame; both are contained 
within the limits of the fortifications, and 
communicate through canals with the 
greateft part of the city. ‘Thefe canals 
whilit they certainly facilitate the con- 
veyance of goods into every quarter, mult 
too frequently produce a noxious vapour 
injurious to health—for though the con- 
ftant aétion of the tide ought to cleanfe 
them of every contingent impurity, foul 
bottoms are occafionally difplayed. The 
communication acrofs thefe between the 
ftreets and lanes is maintained by draw- 
bridges, amounting to upwards of 80 in 
number, which confequently afford a ready 
accefs from one peninfular divifion to an- 
other. 
The principal harbour, in which all vef- 
iels of burthen are moored, lies without 
the ramparts, extending from the lower 
haven to the fouth-weft extremity of the 
city-—here the flags of various nations 
are frequently difplayed, as the conftant 
arrival or departure of veffels enlivens the 
ptoipect, and agitates the mind of the 
Hamburger with continual hopes and fears. 
The fortifications of Hamburg, to which 
T have frequently alluded, confift princi- 
pally of mafly ramparts, and a fpacious 
ditch. Wooden palifades fupply the place 
of the former on the fide of the havens, 
and thelatter occafionally givesplace to the 
waters of the Alfter andthe Elbe. The 
ramparts are flanked by 22 baftions 
mounted with feveral large pieces of ord- 
nance, and are guarded im the day-time 
by a hired foldiery, but during the night 
are committed to the protection of a civic- 
troop. A fpacious walk, adorned and 
fhaded with trees of various kinds, affords 
fo the inhabitants an agreeable promenade 
Deferipiion of Hamburg. : 
(Dee. 1, 
along the ramparts, and difplays the va- 
riegated beauties of the environs, as they 
fucceffively occur. 
By reforting to a boat for a fhort dif 
tance on the fide of the Jower haven, or 
by there taking a circuitous courfe thro’ 
the adjacent fireets, they may be regu- 
larly perambulated, and are a favourite 
refort of the Hamburgers from every quar- 
ter of the city. Thefe ramparts may in- 
deed be termed more truly the ornament 
than the defence of Hamburg ;- for in a 
military point of view their importance is 
indifputably fmall. They were lately aban- 
doned on the firft fummons to the Danes, 
and in the prefent ftate of military {cience 
can never long withftand the attacks of a 
formidable army, or avert the dangers of 
a regular fiege. Four principal gates 
communicate with the country on the 
land fide, two fimaller portals lead into 
the marfhes, and two floed-gates open 
from the havens into the Elbe. To re- 
ftrain the noéturnal excurfions of the in- — 
habitants, and prevent the efcape of de- 
linquents under the veil of night, thefe 
various outlets are during every feafon, 
with an exception in favour of the Stein- - 
Thor leading to the fuburb St. George, 
clofed with the fetting fun. Though the 
Stein-Thor is paflable for a fmall gra- 
tuity till midnight ; the gates of the outer 
fortifications are always clofed with thofe 
of the city: but on the fide of the Alfter, 
which bounds the fuburb on the nerth-. 
weft, an efcape into the country is prac- 
ticableat every period of the night. 
Though all the principal ftreets of 
Hamburg are continually crowded with 
paflencers, the greateft bufle naturally 
prevails on the fide of the harbours and in 
the vicinity of the exchange. 
The crowds in Hamburg are compofed 
of the induftricus and the aétive, employ- 
ed in the exercife of their refpective cal- 
lings; the idle rarely mix here with the 
buty throng, the inquifitive {till more fel- 
dom, and mendicants are prohibited by 
law. From one o'clock till three the Ex- 
change is reforted to by merchants, ma- 
nufagturers, and others interefted in the 
tranfaétions of the day. Within the area 
and in the ftreets adjoining an immenfe 
concourfe is regularly aflemvled, import- 
ance in every face, haite in every ftep, 
every mind agitated by: the rife or fallof 
the markets, calculating on the refpec- 
tive value of banco, courant and {peciey 
or fpeculating on the fluétuations- of ex- 
change. Yet during the whole of my re- 
fidence in Hamburg it was a general com- 
plaint, that no bufinefs could be done ; the 
afpect 
