1804, |! 
relative-to the fituation of places, the 
fourees and courfes of rivers, the roads, 
the population, foil, produtions, manu- 
tactures, and trade. of Great Britain. and 
Kreland ; for the ufe of the army of Iova- 
ders ! 
M. ReEGniER has. invented a new 
thermometer, the tube and graduation of 
which are the fame as in common ther- 
mometers, the mounting only exhibits a 
new arrangement proper for rendering it 
ferviceable in agriculture and the arts. 
‘The cane, containing this thermometer, is 
about three feet four inches inlength, The 
focket is of copper; it forms a long fer- 
rule, which preiirves. the glafs. cylinder, 
containing the liquid of the thermometer. 
The focket is pierced with feveral {mall 
holes, through which the fluid enters 
when the end of the cane is plunged into 
it. The iron end of the cane, which refs 
upon the ground, is fupported at the ex- 
tremity of a focket by a {pring that yields 
when the end of the cane refs upon hard 
fubftances; by this contrivance, the ther- 
mometer is equal y preferved from thocks 
von every kind of ground. Another 
fpring, placed over the bulb of the ther- 
mometer, yields when too much weight Is 
borne upon the cane. The upper part of 
the cane is terminated by a bail of cork, 
covered with Morocco leather ; the ela(ti- 
city of the cork keeps the thermometer 
from breaking, if the cane be accidentally 
dropped. In the center of this cane a ca- 
Vity is made, in whicly the tube of the 
thermometer is fixed, and half of its cir- 
cumfcrence towards the ton opens by a 
hinge, for the purpofe of making obfer- 
vations, when the liquid of the tube is 
feen, and tne {eale graduated upon ordi. 
nary principles. The thermometer is ex- 
treniely uleful,: eae 
t To afcertain and. to compare, at a cer- 
tain depth, the temperature of fown land, 
when the furface is hard and frozen. 
2. To eftimate the heat of hayftacks, 
which frequently take fire before the farmer 
Is aware. : 
3- Tocompare the heat of garden beds. 
4. To find out the ftate of fermenting li- 
fuors., 3 
5. For every kind of operation in which 
the heat of coppers is regulated to a ceriain 
degree. 
6. As an agreeable companion in country 
waks, to thofe who wifh to afcertain and 
compare the temperature of different fprings 
and ftreams, or other fimilar purpofes, 
A new mechanical pulley has lately 
been conftructed, fo thata weight may be 
rated, without running any rfk of the 
cord flipping, or the pulley turning 
round, fo that it remains fufpended with- 
z 
Literary and Philofophical Intelligence. 
163 
out danger. The body of the pulley is 
a cylinder of the dianicter that would have 
been given to the groove, and the fame 
thicknefs as a common pully. ‘This cy~ 
linder is fixed into an arm, which has two 
pivuts; to each fide of this arm is faftened< 
a {mall piece of wood, of fufficient dia- 
meter to form, above the cylinder, a nar- 
row paffage, the fides of which are of 
fuch a height as to contain the cord. 
Theie pieces. project, and have grooves, 
which begin at a certain diltance trom the 
center, and: proceed to the circumference 5 
and, on their inner furface, they are made 
rough, that they may the better hold the 
cord. A kind of} fork, moveable on pi. 
vots, is continually, prefied by a {pring 
againft the two pieces of wood, fo that 
each of its teeth enters the grooves made 
in them 3 but, when the cord ts pulled the 
ufual way, the fork is no obitacle to the 
motion of the pulley, but the moment it 
is let loofe, the fork, preffing by the ef- 
fect of the {pring againit the projeSting 
picces o! the wood, prevents 1: from flip- 
ping, while the pulley itfelfis ftopped by 
the teeth of the fork that fix themfelves 
into the grooves.’ Av lever ferves upon 
occafion to remove the fprings, and pres 
vent their action. 
M. Esmark, Member of the Norwe- 
gian Council of Mines at Kongsberg, 
has, in‘a late tour in Norway, made ma- 
ny interefting experimenis in order to de. 
termine the boundary Ine of vegetation, 
and of the unmelting of the {now. Of 
the mountains which he afcended for this 
purpole, the nizhef 1s Schneehtitten, 
which, according to his obfervations, :ifes 
rather more than 8000 Rhineland fret 
above the level of the fea. It is covered 
with eternal fnow, and, at a place where 
the fnow had tumbled down, twenty five’ 
Jayers of it might be diftinguifhed, each 
of them with a rind of ice. Phe wpper- 
moft layers which has a wave-like fthape, 
was, in the hollows of the fnow-waves, 
weaker, and of an amethyit colour} which 
appearance has lixewife been obferved in 
the Alps. Where the rays of the fun fall 
an an oblique direétion towards the north 
and north.eaft, the boundary line of the 
{now 1s as low as 3000 feet above the far 
face of the fea; but, towards the fouth 
and wet, where the heat of the fun is more 
powerful, it is only at the height of 7od0 
feet above the level of the fea that the 
{now is found never to thaw. The high. 
ef parts, which M. Efmark climbed, 
conflited of a flene compofed of quart- 
zore and miicaceous particles, except 
M unt Tromfieldet, betwixt Tonftel and 
Foldalea, the fuminit of which confit of 
a hith:rto 
