Retrofpect of German Literature.—Philofiphy and Me'aphyfics. 671 
fon itfelf.2”. Thus fays the author; 
and then holds forth another power 
above reafon itfelf. 
At the fame time other philofophers 
and metaphyficians were bufily em- 
ployed in producing new fyitems, or 
in elucidating and bringing them to 
perfection, BouTERWECK, of Gottin- 
gen, defended, ina new ‘ Mufeum,” 
the fyftem he had fketched out in his 
“© Apodiktik,”” and entered upon a 
farther difplay of «. part thereof in his 
*¢ Anleitung zur Philofophie der Na- 
turwiflenfchaft,’—Introduction to the 
Philofophy of Phyfics; relative . to 
which he totally differs from Schel- 
ling’s fyftem, with which he did not 
become acquainted till at a later pe- 
riod. Befides REINHOLD, the anony- 
mous author of ** Briefe uber Wahr- 
heit, &c.’—Letters on. Truth, God, 
Organifm, and Immortality, ftood 
forth as the champion of Bardili’s fyf- 
tem. Kruc, now of Frankfort on 
the Oder, difplayed and detailed, ina 
work entitled ‘* Fundamental Philo- 
fophie,”’ his fyftem in oppofition to 
tranfcendental idealifm.- Kern, a 
very young philofopher, who had in 
the preceding year introduced him- 
felf to the notice of the public by his 
«<Programm zur Philofophie,”’ brought 
forth a fyitem. of fundamental philofo- 
phy, arifing out of and reverting to 
experience. In this publication, which 
is called a ‘* Gnofologie,”’ the late fects 
of philofophers, and efpecially their 
leaders, Kant, Fichte, and Schelling, 
with the exception of only Herder, 
are lafhed with the mott unmercitul fe- 
verity, SCHLEISRMACHER, of Ber- 
lin, a difciple of the neweft {chool, ap- 
plied the critical philofophy to all the 
preceding fyftems of mineralogy ;—and 
a quite new “* Gravitationsgefetz fir 
die moralifche Welt,’—ULaw of Gravi- 
tation for the Moral World, came forth 
from the pen of Profeflor BucHHOLZ, 
of Berlin, a declared enemy of the 
ideaitits, who reits the whole develop- 
meit of the human race upon the an- 
tagoni{m of two oppofite initincts; one 
ot which leads to hatred, and the other 
to love, z.¢. the deftructive inftin& of 
felf-prefervation, and the prefervative 
fexual or focial inftinét. 
To fupply the wants of very oppo- 
fite claffes of readers, phiiofopbers by 
protefion, amateurs, and beginners, 
Proijeffor Lossrus of Erfurt wrote a 
new ‘* Philofophifches Allgemeines 
eallexicon,’—General Piniofophical 
work, entitled 
Diétionary, which, though on the one 
hand it be defective in fome points, 
and on the other contains feveral fu- 
perfluous articles, may prove a very 
ufeful work. ‘ 
Nor was the Hiftory of Philofophy 
neglected. Whuilft Profeflor TENNE- 
MANN, Of Jena, continued his ¢* Hifto. 
ry of Ancient,” and Buu te, of Got- 
tingen, that of ‘“¢ Modern Philofophy,” 
a prize-queltion of the latter of thefe 
univerfities gave rife to a well written 
‘© Hiftoria Doctrinse 
Grecorum atque Romanorum Philofo- 
phorum de Statu Animarum poft Mor- 
tem; and Simon publithed “ Hiltorifch- 
Kritifche Unterfuchungen uber den 
Urfprung und Fortgang des Voiker- 
glaubens andas Dateyn und die Un- 
iterblichkeit der Seele,&c.”"—Hiftorico. 
Critical Refearches relative to the Ori- 
gin and Progrefs of the Belief of va- 
rious Nations in the Exiftence and Im- 
mortality of the Soul.—Baron EBER- 
STEIN, already advantageoufly known 
to the literary world by his works on 
the *‘ Progrefs of Metaphyfics in Mo- 
dern Times,” and on the ‘* Nature 
of the Logic and Metaphyficks of the 
pure Peripatecians,” furnifhed a «* Na- 
turliche Theologie der Scholaftiker,” 
—Natural Theology of the Schoolmen; 
which, in the opinion of the enemies 
of the neweft philofophy, is a ufeful 
little work for our {cholaitical times, 
being well calculated for the purpofe 
of fhewing to the young ftudents, that 
many of the things and doétrines which 
they with fuch aftonifhment and pro- 
found veneration daily hear promul- 
gated from the profeffional chairs, or 
through the medium of the prefs, are 
far from being fo new as is pretended. 
ENGEL, of Mentz, in his “ Verfuche 
in der f{clentifiichen und populairen - 
Philofophie,’—Scientific and Popular 
Effays on Philofophical Subjeéts — 
treats In a very inftructive manner 
of genius, ftudy and the indifpen- 
fablenefs of metaphyfics in the cons 
catenation of the fciences, on va- 
rious difputes of ancient and modern 
philofophers, on the fcientific ftudy of 
ethics, and fimilar fubje&ts.—This En- 
gel muft be diftinguithed from the 
lately deceafed author of the fame 
name, to whofe ‘*Philofoph fir die 
Welt,’—Pailofopher for the World, 
an anonymous writer bas added.a 
fourth volume; which, though not 
ithe 
el and his friends, will be found not 
Unworthy 
equal to the former volumes by E 
