iss 
even advantage ; forif ithe not advifeable 
that the proportion of the fmaller cyliader 
frould be -much Imaller than what 1s 
above ftated, yet in making it larger con- 
-fiderable latituce may be allowed ; thus, 
with fteam. of forty pounds the f{quare 
inch, a {mailer cylinder cf one-twentieth, 
er even larger, may be employed infead 
of one of a tortieth of the capacity of the 
larger or working-cylinder, and fo with 
fleam of any other given ftrength. ‘In 
fome engines this may be almoft neceflary, 
becaufe of the difficulty of preventing 
fome waite fteam, or partial condenfation, 
which might leffen the rate of working, if 
wot allowed for in the fize of the fmaller 
cylinder, or in the quantity of fieam ad- 
mutted direCtly from the boiler into the 
working- cylinder, where no fmaller cylin- 
Ger or ftcam-mealure is employed ; and 
Proceedings of Learned Societies. 
(Feb. I, 
in every cafe the encine, when got ready 
for work, whatever may be the proportion 
that has been adopted, as intended to be 
worked with, fhould have its power tried, 
by altering the load on the valve that af- 
certains the ferce of the fteam, in order: 
that the frength of fteam beft adapted for 
the engine may be afcertained ; for it may 
turn ovt to be advantageous that the fteam 
fhould be employed, im particular engines 
of an cJaftic foree, fomewhat over or under 
what was firft intended. 
MR. RICHARD BATES (BOLTON) fora 
Machine topump Water and other ufe- 
ful Purpofes. 
Ft is impofible to afford our readers any 
adequate idea of this invention, without 
the aid of figures, which our plan does 
not admit of. 
PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES. 
angi 
~ NATIONAL INSTITUTE. 
HEFORT of the PROCEEDINGS of the 
eLass of the FINE ARYS of the Na-- 
it is of advantage to call in the aid of 
TIONAL. INSTITUTE, during the YEAR 
11, Gy JOACHIM LE BRETON, SECRE- 
FYary of the class; read at the PUB- 
Lic MEETING of the NATIONAL IN- 
SFITUTE, SEPT. 30, 1803: 
Sieg a ieee after the execution 
of the Decree which changed the or- 
gamization of the National Inititute, the 
Cials of Fine Arts entered with zeal on 
the exereife of the functicns affizned it. 
fifter adopting fuch internal regulations 
as this change rendered neceflaiy, the 
Clals refumed the examination of a Quef- 
tion propofed by the Government to the 
Enftitute, viz. ** The State cf the Sci- 
ences, Literature, and the Arts, in 
Framce, to the Epoch ef 1789 ; their 
Progrefs fince that Period to the rit Ven- 
demiaire, Year 10 (September 102) ; 
the Ideas of the Infitute relative to their 
Advancement and Encouragement, and 
an improved Mode of Inftruétion.”’ 
Two Seétions of the Arts, Rhetoric, 
and Painting, had already made their Re-. 
port before the changes already alluded to 
had taken place. M. Vincent had 
fketched an hiftorical Piiure of Painting 
from the time of Francis I. He imagin- 
ed, that, to fuifil the intentions of Go- 
vernment, and ‘to attain the ufeful end 
which 1s propofed, it is neceffary not only 
to be acquainted with the flourifhing or 
ceclining ftate of the arts at a certain pe- 
riod, but likewife to know what caufes 
contributed to their {plendour or decay.— 
In quettions of this nature, in particular, 
hiftory, and to endeavour to go back from 
effects to caufes. 
The character and perfonal qualities of 
Francis I. drew into his fervice able ar- 
tifts, «hom he invited from Italy about 
the middle of the 15th century. Thefe 
artifts caufed others to appear in France, 
who furpaffed their mafters. Vouet, Le 
Pouflin, Le Sueur, Le Brun, and Mig- 
nard, were the firit generation. By thgfe 
the French {chool was raifed to pre-emi- 
nence. At firft, feveral painters, enimat- 
ed by the love of their art, united in 
forming a regular method of infiruétion 
for the direétion of pupils. ‘This affocia- 
tion was erected into an Academy in 
1653, and twenty years afterwards Col- 
bert joined to it a School of Fine Arts at 
Rome. 
Louis XIV. and his Minifter were un-- 
doubtedly not fo fond of the -arts as 
Francis I. but they contributed more 
towards their ftability, by founding infti- 
tutions. However, painting and the arts 
in general declined fince that reign, 
though the caufes have not been properly 
explained. There are fome which cannot 
be difputed, and which will always pro- 
duce the fame cfiedis ; and it is to thefe 
that we fhall confine ourlelves, 
The Section of Painting confiders as 
one of the piincipal, that arbitrary autho~- 
rity 
