14 
are fulceptible of many varieties and mo- 
difications ; whileir is impoffible to attri- 
bute all thefe changes to the alternate ex- 
ercife of particular organs of the bratn, or 
to fuppoie, for example, tha ats during the 
intoxication of the pnatives of the aft, the 
organs of the magination, of courage, and 
of murder, produce, bya {pontaneous de- 
velopment, the various {ymptoms that 
are obferved in thefe different degrees of 
intoxication. 
Phe imperfetion of Dr. Gall’s ExplJa- 
nations is {till more apparent, if we apoly 
his Syfiem to fome of the other cafes 
above- mentioned. .Can it be fuppofed, 
for example, that there are perfons who 
‘have neither the ergan of courage, nor that 
of murder, but when intoxicated or deli- 
rious ; that theorganof the imagination has 
a certain affinity with champagne or cof- 
fee, that the exeicife of the fame organ 
Is promoted by melancholy, and that a 
nervous indifpofition gives greater ation 
and fimulus to the organs of painting and 
mufic ? 
Dr. Gall appears to have committed 
another error in making evcry thing be- 
longing to the inftin, the appetites, and 
moral affection, to depend‘on the brain.— 
The latter almoft always depend on the 
organization in general, or on thofe pecu- 
liarities of organization whence refult the 
different kinds of conftitetion. The cele- 
brated Boonet was perfe&tly convinced of 
this truth. ; 
<< Fibres endowed with great fenfibility 
(fays that philofopher), and boiling blood, 
which circulates with impetuefity, give 
mana certain fenfation of his flrength 
wifich is infeparable from confidence, and 
this confidence is the principle of courage 
and valour. Fibres poffeffing lefs fenfibi- 
Jity, and a ftomach moderate in its action, 
are the natural caufe of fedatenefs.  Deli- 
cate nerves, and an imagination which 
paints m fuch lively colours as to caule the 
mind to feel fomething fimilar to what the 
wretched experience, confiitute the mate- 
nial part of pity. Solids of a tempered 
elafticity, and humours flow in their 
courfe, are the phyfical caufe of good-na. 
ture.”” 
Thefe ideas may eafily be applied toa 
more detailed examination of the influence 
of temperaments, general or partial, pri- 
mitive or acquired, on the moral difpcfi- 
tion. In taét, flow aod regular move- 
ments, appetites, propenfities aud affec- 
tions without energy, are the natural con- 
fequence of a lymphatic temperament.— 
That which is commonty calied fangu.ye, 
Cri ticifm of Dr. Gall’s Siftem of C. 
ranwology. [ Feb..1, 
but which it would be more proper to de- 
nominate the fanguine arterial tempera- 
ment, determines other propeniities, dif- 
pofes to fenfuality, and to lively but rapid 
and tranfient paffions. ‘The bilious tem- 
perament of the ancients, and the different 
degrees of re-action of which the abdomen 
oe fome of its parts are fufceptible, ren- 
r the paffions more profound, more du- 
rable, and form fuch kids of confitu- 
tions as are commonly affociated with 
great virtues and great crimes. “The 
ftateof the organsof re{piration and repro- 
duction, at different ages, or during certain 
difeafes, likewife produces in the nature of 
the propenfities and moral difpofitions 
effests whofe organic and primitive Canfe 
may cafily be diicovered not to exift imthe 
brain. 
The inftin, appetites, and affeétions 
of animals depend {till more evidently on 
certain vifcera, whofe influence Dr. Gall 
has overlocked ; they are proportioned to 
the wants of thofe animals, and announce 
o their develcpment all the degrees of 
the re-aclion cf the organs by which they 
are produced. 
The fecond principle of Gallifm, the 
exiftence of particular organs in the brain, 
which are feparately fubfervient to the 
development of the faculties and difpofi- 
tions, does not appear to be founded on 
experience and obfervation. It may, even 
be fuppofed that Dr. Gall has negleéted 
to give an exa&t idea of what phyfiologitts 
underitand by the term organ.’ An organ 
is not only any region or part of an ani- 
nal’s body, but an aflemblage of organized 
elements, an apparatus whofe frn& ture, 
vital properties, and funétions, are 
known at leaft in pant. The ftomach, the 
liver, the heart, the lungs, are in this 
fenfe organs ; but nothing of the kind ts 
Gifcoverable in the brain, which exhibits 
the appearance of one fingle organ, of one 
apparatus, the fructure of which only ap- 
pears to have been formed by nature with 
a care indicative of the important func- 
tions committed to it. 
In cafe it- might be fuppofed that by 
organs of the brain Dr. Gall means re- 
gions of the brain, to which the different 
faculties and affections correfpond, the 
anatomical principle of bis Syttem would - 
not be the lefs deftitute of foundation, as 
may eafily be demonftrated. by an exami- 
nation of its details. 
-Even his ideas on the feat of vital 
power are not accurate. This power is 
not attached to any particular part, or any 
diftinét organ. 
every 
‘ 
lt is diffyicd through. 
