a 
Te 
i 
588 
= 
and viger. Their minute and volatile feeds 
may be faid to be every where prefent,—ready 
to produce their ‘ind whereyer they may find 
a gepial matrix. Such, at leaft, appears to be 
the nature of the fungus, or fungi, of wheat; 
for it may be Hable to the attack of more than 
one fpecies. Ina dry warm fummer, which 
is well known to be favorable to the health, 
vigor, and produftivenefs of the ‘wheat crop, 
the feeds of fuagl are harmlefs, fo long as the 
fing weather continues. On the contrary, in 
a. cold wet. feafon, which gives languor and 
weaknefs {o the w:eat plants, few crops efeape, 
entirely, their deftrutive cffeets. A ‘ftanding 
crop not unfrequeotly eftapes, while plois that 
are lodged in the fame field, efpecially tu pits 
and hollow'places, hecome liable to their attack. 
And, by the facts above ftated, we plainiy fee, 
that even ftrong healthy crops may, in a few 
davs, or pe haps in a few hours, be rendered 
Niable to be alfgited ;—not progreffively, as by 
gn-iatectious difeafe ; but, at once, as by a 
~blaft or blight. In the ftate of the atmofphere 
we are to look for the ecaufe of the difeafe, in 2 
flanding crop: and nothiag js fo Nkely to bring 
onthe fatal predifpofition. of the plants asa 
Tucceffion of cold rainsy while the grain iform- 
ing. The coolnefs neceffarily.gives a check 
to the rich faceharine juices which are then 
rifing towards the ear; and the moifture may, 
at the fame time, affift the feeds of the-fungi to 
Beppe and take root. ‘Thus reafon and 
acts concur in pointing out the caufe, and the 
eperation, of the difeate. The natura} event 
is too -well known :/and it is the bufinefs of art 
to endeayor to prevent it. 1f, by cutting down 
the crop, as fuon as it is found ta be difeafed, 
~ the operation ean be itopped,— as experience, in 
different inffances, has fhown thatit may,— 
the remedy is eafy. A probable mean of pre- 
yention is that ef inducing early ripenefS’ ffer 
reafons above offered}; either by fowing early ; 
er by forcing manures; or by felecting and 
eftablithing early varieties—of' wheat mot 
efpecially ;-~as eatly varieties of peas, and 
ether efculent plants, are raifed by gardeners: — 
a work which only requires ordinary attention ; 
and which, it is hoped, will, without delay, be 
fet about and encouraged, by every attentive 
grower of wheat, and every promoter of rural 
improvements, in the united kingdom. . 
“According to Mr. Braz yDE’s view of 
the theary of reipiration, the bleod is pro- 
peileds by the contragiion of the heart, 
mito the pulmonary artery, which, by its 
numerous ramifeations, conveys the 
bieod into the fall branches of the air 
cells of the lungs, which are of fo finea 
texture as to admit ihe abforption of a 
portion of air, The blood, having un- 
dergone this alteration, is rejurned into. 
the heart by-the prelmonary veins, from 
whence it is ci-culated over the whole 
body. During the. circulation, the air 
which has been abforbed undergoes a-gra- 
dual decompofition; carbonic acid and 
water are eed which, together with 
@ portion.of azote, are returned by the 
Literary and Philofophical Intelligence. 
[J uly 1, 
veins, and thrown autas the blood pafics 
through the lungs. A frelh portion -of 
airis at the fame time abforbed, and the 
above changes.repeated. 
The fo!lowing 1s faid to be agood me- * 
thed of preferxing hops for the purpote 
of brewing: Difil a quantity of hops 
with water} fepacate the eflential oil from 
the diftilled water, prets the hops, bol 
them again, and evaporate to the confitt- 
ence of extrad, addiag to them the dij. 
tilled wacer. When they are to be ufed 
poucd tbeeffeatial oil wiih a {mall quan= 
tuy of tagat, and diffolve it together with 
the extract inthe mort. 
Mr. Crage, in Bromen, is engaged in 
anew Critical Grammatical Dictionary 
of the Germay and Enslith languages, the 
object of which iste define and elucidate, 
by example, the various acceptatioas of 
all words inthe two languages, as a more 
acctirate guide for the choice of piepey 
exprcflions in trap Jating. aah 
‘The pragvefS that has already been 
“made in the eftablithment of demiparies fay 
education thraughout Ruflia, in the few 
years.of the prefeat emperai’sreiga, may 
he jadged of by the laf ceport-to the amini- 
fer of public jaftrustion. From this it 
appears that the fehools amount te four 
hundred and ninety four, the teachers in 
thefe to qne theufand four hundred and 
twenty-five, and the pupils-to. thirty-three 
thoufand four hundred and eighty~four. 
The maintenance of thele feminaries 
cofs.annually about 1,727,742 rubles oy 
215,9661. fterlag. Thefe. feminaries. ave 
excluiive of varons civil and military aca- 
demies, as well as.of all feminaries for se 
edugation. of females, A. waricty of infi, 
tutions of a fimilar fort are at prefentieftabs 
lifhing in the various provinces. 
Fhe fums difburéd in the year1$o4, 
from the royal treafury of Rufiia, for the 
{upport of places of public inftrugtion 
amounted to 268,650l. befides 8,363], 
fterling, given- by government. to eRablifh 
an univerimy at Coarkow. Private idixi- 
duals-emulate.the government in their. 
nefactions for the promotion of public ins 
ftrufion. Couafellor Supienkow hag 
given 40,000 rubles for the ereét.on of 
ichools in Lit:le Refia. The nobility of 
Podelia have contriputed 65,000 rubles to 
feund a military {chool in that provinces 
A number of fimilar donatians, ferthe fame 
purpofe hay been. made in various parts of 
the empire. ss ballad 
The government of Bavavcia is making 
ment of that Ele€torate, and 1s expending 
large {ums in various ways for this purpole.- 
; Foreign 
Sreat exertions to accelerate the improves’ 
