1809.) 
_wacommonly large collection of calculi, 
to most of which histories of the case are 
annexed. The subject is divided into 
different sections: the 1st relates to cal- 
culi formed in the kidnies, and voided 
without having undergone any changes 
in the urinary passages. These are en- 
tirely soluble in a solution of pure pot- 
ash: and when exposed to the action of 
the blow-pipe, they- blacken and emit a 
strong odour, which arises from the an- 
mal matter which they contain, and 
which occasions the loss in the analysis 
of these calculi. Its relative quantity 
is lable to much variation. In one in- 
stance a calculus from the kidney, weigh- 
ing 7 grains, was ascertained to consist 
et 
Grains. 
Erie Beh, .i6) 6% iaiied 408 
Animal matter ....2.5 
7.0 
In some cases the calculi from the kid- 
mies consist almost wholly of uric acid; 
sometimes phosphate of lime was com- 
bined with the acid... 
{f. In treating of the calculi which 
have been retained in the kidnies, 
and which frequently increase in that 
situation to a considerable size, he ob- 
serves that this augmentation is of two 
kinds. 
1. Where there isa great disposition to 
the formation of uricacid, the calculus con- 
sists wholly of that substance and animal 
matter, so as frequently to form a com- 
plete cast of the pelvis of the kidney. 
2. Where there is less disposition 
to form uric acid, the external = la- 
minz are composed of the ammoniaco- 
magnesian phosphate, and phosphate of 
lime. 
In one instance, a small uric calculus 
was so deposited on the kidney, that its 
upper surface was exposed to a conti- 
nual stream of urine, upon which beau- 
tiful crystals of the triple phosphate had 
been deposited. Mr. Brande therefore 
infers, that, under common circum- 
stances, a stream ef urine passing over 
a calculus of uric acid, has a tendency to 
deposit the phosphate upon it. 
Il, The calculi of the urinary blad- 
der are of four kinds: 
1. Those formed upon nuclei‘of uric 
acid, from the kidney. 
2. Those formed upon nuclei of oxa- 
late of lime from the kidney. 
8. Those formed upon sand or animal 
mucus deposited in the bladder. 
4. Those formed upon extraneous bo- 
Proceedings of Learned Societies. 
pe 
dies introduced into the bladder. These 
are arranged under the following divi- 
sions:—First, Caiculi, which from their 
external appearance consist chiefly of 
uric acid, and which are cliefly or en- 
tirely soluble in a solution of pure — 
potash, Secondly, Calculi composed 
chiefly of the  ammoniaco-magnesian 
phosphate, or of phosphate of lime, 
or of mixtures of the two. These 
are characterised by their whiteness; 
by exhibiting small prismatic crystals 
upon their surface, and by their solubi- 
lity im dilute munatic acid. Thirdly, 
Calenli, containing oxalate of lime, com- 
monly called mulberry calculi. These 
are distinguished by the difficulty with 
which they are dissolved in acids, by 
their hardness, and by leaving pure lime, 
when exposed to the action of the blow= 
pipe. | 
By analysis a calculus of 60 graing 
yielded Grains. 
Urea and. muriate ofammonia 5.2 
Atmoniaco-magnesian phos- 
pmateliv eared, 6. 
Uriemendowesinwdrery uhh S488 
—_—_.. 
60.0 
From this and many other experiments 
Mr. Brande concludes, that the evolu- 
tion of ammonia depends inall instances 
upon the decomposition of the ammo- 
niacal salts contained in the calculus, 
more especially of the ammoniaco-mac- 
nesian phosphate, and that no substance 
which can be called urate of ammonia 
exists in calculi. 
By analysis it was found, that a pure 
specimen of the mulberry caleulus consists 
of Grains, | 
Oxalate of lime. . 65 
Lipreacid ie ws. Ss AG 
'Phosphate of lime . 15 
Lossinanimal matter 4 
i“ 100 
TV. The calculi found in the urethra 
consist of ammoniaco-magnesian phios. 
phate, and phosphate of lime, with a 
small portion of uric acid ; though some 
appeared to consist almost wholly of am- 
moniaco-magnesian phosphate. 
Mr. Brande, im the next section, has 
given the result of analysis of the calculi 
tound in the horse, ox, sheep, rhinoce- 
ros, dog, hog, and rabbit. These were 
found mostly to consist of phosphate of 
lime and carbonate of lime in diferent 
proportions. _In some, small propar- 
tions of animal matcer were combined 
with the other substances, 
Tre 
