340 
unite the Boristhenes to the Niemen, 
would ultimately extend the trade of the 
Black Sea over almost the whole of 
ancient Poland; and would join to the 
advantages of the trade of this Sea, 
which is already immense, that of the 
Balue. 
“‘The French besides would not have 
to encounter on these coasts, as upon 
the Baltic, any rival nation who would 
seek to possess themselves of all the 
trade; and who at present, whether owing 
to its capital, to the nature of its manu- 
factures, or its policy, forms obstacles 
frequently dificult to overcome, 
** France also by its credit, the proxi- 
mity of its ports in the Mediterranean, 
and by its power on that sea, is of all 
others the nation most proper to under- 
take this branch of commerce.” 
Exciusive of these important objects, 
the Ukraine also possesses a production 
formerly held in very great estimation, 
T allude to the seed of the kermes, better 
known by the name of Polish cochineal. 
It is now sold only to the Turks and 
Armeniaiis ; who use it to dye their Mo- 
rocco leather, stuffs, thread, and horse- 
tails. The women in the Levant prepare it 
with wine or lemon-juice, and thus make 
a sort of vegetable rouge, with which they 
stain the nails both of their fingers and 
their toes. 
Locusts are the only remarkable 
scourge to which these provinces are 
exposed. 
The inbabitants of the Ukraine call 
themselves Malo-rosses, which is, Little 
Russians. According to the historical 
system generaily adopted, they are the 
descendants of the Russians of Kiowie. 
These parts, for a long time usurped 
by Poland, have returned to their mo- 
ther country. These peasants of Little 
Russia, are better farmers and eco- 
nomists in husbandry, than those of 
Great Russia; they do not destroy their 
forests. Their houses are not entirely 
built of wood, but some of stones and 
white clay mixed. With the exception of 
some of the gentry, and a few of the in- 
habitants of the towns, they do not use 
the warm bath. The peasant makes 
use of no candles to light him; but is 
satisfied with tallow and oil, which he 
burns in-small pots: or he makes terches 
of different plants, which give a clear 
light without smoke. Almost all the 
peasants ef the Ukraine have orchards 
round their houses, and they plant frutt- 
trees intheir kitchen gardens. They 
‘consume a vast quantity of wood in 
the preparation of their brandy, parti- 
Account of the Ukraine. 
‘rine II, 
[May 1, 
cularly of the common sorts. The natives 
of the Ukraine have their implements of 
husbandry much more perfect than those 
of Great Russia: but what chiefly con- 
tributes to make agriculture flourish, is 
the great quantity of cattle; which at the 
same time serves to manure the land, 
and assists in its cultivation. The Ukrain- 
ers are more robust ard less ignorant 
than the Lithuanians. ? 
Polish Ukraine, in the limits which it 
occupied since 1686, contained no towns 
of any considerable note. Zytomirsz, 
and other places of the palatinate of 
Kiovie, scarcely deserve to be menti- 
oned. In the palatinate of Braclaw, 
besides the city of the same name, there. 
is also Niemerow, which contains about 
three hundred and twenty houses, some 
manufactories in leather and cotton, 
and a tolerable trade. At Tulozin, the 
French have established a manufactory 
of fire-arms, of which they make a con-, 
siderable exportation by Cherson. Tar= 
govica is known by its confederation ; 
and at Human the fine forests of oak 
cease, and the extensive plains without 
trees commence. The palatinate of. 
Podolia contains the town of Kaminiec, 
situated on a small river which runs into 
the Niester, and is about three leagues 
from the Turkish city of Choczym in 
Moldavia. Its castle, built upon 2 
rock, and fortified more by nature than 
by art, was formerly considered as a 
place of great strength; though now 
very ruinous it was always the best 
fortress of Poland. The city at pre- 
sent contains about five thousand six 
hundred and sixty inhabitants, Szary- 
grod is more populous, having near 
seven thousand inhabitants. Barr is 
only remarkable for having been the seat 
of a famous confederation.—Sucli are the 
towns of one of the most fertile coun- 
tries in the world. The Tartars, the Rus- 
sians, and the confederate Poles, by 
turns, have banished from this country, 
along with peace, industry and -Clyili= 
zation, 
One cannot describe the Ukraine 
without naming Kiow, that famous 
eapital of Southern Russia, reduced it 
is true to a population of only twenty- 
two thousand souls, but still ina flou- 
rishing state for a city of this country ; 
‘possessing an university of great an- 
tiquity, restored and endowed by Catha- 
and Alexander I., and now 
serving as a depot for the merchan- 
dise which passes up and down the 
great river Borysthenes, that washes 
its walls, Kiow was founded in 430, 
: according 
