626 
the Academy of Berlin, ** How far the 
moral Value of an Aétion fhould oe 
taken into Confideration in the Enaéting 
and Execuiion of Penal Laws ;” there 
appeared two Differtations, by two 
theologisns, GEBHARD and Boysen: a 
third theologian, the acute Profeflor Suss- 
KIND of Tubingen, likewife furnithed 
his contribution towards the folution of 
this queftion. Another of this clafs of 
prize differtations, by GERLaCH, treated 
of ** Philofophie Gefetzgebung und Aeit- 
hetik, in ihren jetzigen Verhaltniffen zur 
fittlichen urd Atihetifchen Cultur der 
Deutichen ;°— Phitofophy, Legiflation 
and A®itheticks,’—in Reference to the 
prefent Moral and Aithetic Culture of 
the Germans. HimMMERLICH’s Treatife 
«Uber die Tapterkeit,”°—on- Courage, 
efpecially in a moral point of view—1s 
wholly calculated for a m‘iiary ftate,; and 
for the prefent warlike times. ‘The Law 
of Nature is not indeed, now £0 diligently 
cultivated as {ome years ago, when every 
profeffor thought it incumbent ucon him 
to have his own Compendium or Text- 
hook : the laft Catalogues, however, of the 
Leipzig Fairs anndunce two new editions 
ot {uch Text-buoks, by Profeffors of Halle, 
HOFFBAUR and SCHMALZ, and twonew 
works of that kind by Profeffors at the 
Saxon Univerfities, Weiss of - Leipzig 
and ZACHARI# of Wittenberg. 
Of the works relative to the hiftory of 
philofophy ; the eighth concluding vo- 
lume of BUHLE © Jahrbiicher der Ge- 
fehichte der Philofophic,”” &c.—Compen- 
diums of the Hiftory of Philofophy, and 
of works on the Critical Syftem of Meta- 
phyfics ; and the continuation of his 
*¢ Gefchichte der neuen Philofephie ;"— 
Hiftory of the new Philofophy ; the fixth 
volume of which has made its appearance, 
are particularly deferving of notice. ‘The 
following circumftance may Jikewile ferve 
to sive an idea of the prelent ftate of me- 
taphyfics : By the tranflaticn of Buhle to 
Mofcow, of Abicht to Wilna, and of 
Schad to Charkow, different fyftems 
‘have been introduced at thefe Ruffian 
Univeriities ; that at the Prufian Uii- 
verfity at Halle, where only pure Kant- 
ifm, or Ecleétifm had prevailed, Idea- 
Jifta fzems likely to come in vogue, by the 
exertions of feveral new profeffors: viz. by 
STEFFENS,SCHLEYERMACHER andKHyY- 
STER, whofe © Beytrage zur Kritifchen 
Gefcbichte der neuern Philofophie :’— 
Contributions towards a Critical Hiftory 
ef the neweA” Philofophy, has lately been 
added to his f.rmer work on the Nature 
and Deftination of the Human Soul ;—ethat 
Retrofpect of German Literature— Education. 
at the Bavarian Univerfities and Schools 
of Landfhut, Winzburg and Munich, as 
has already been remarked very differ- 
ent fyftems are taught; that at Jena, 
whence fo many new fyftems have been 
propagated by ReINHOLD, Ficute; 
and SCHELLING, a halance of power is 
maintained between the partizans of Ideal. 
ifm and Realifm, under their refpec- 
tive leaders, HEGEL and ScHELVES, the 
friends of ScHeLLING and his antagonifts 
Frikgs and KRavseE. 
EDUCATION. 
Here the invettigation of the methods 
of teaching propofed by OLiviEr and 
PesTaLozzt continued to be the order 
of the day. Scveral young teachers tra- 
velled into Switzerlend, for the expiels 
purpofe of viliting Peitalozzi, and ac- 
quiring a more pertect knowledge of his 
pedagogic inftitution, which has now been 
removed from: Burgdoerf to Buckfee; as 
for inftance, T1LLicu, of Leipzig, and 
Paftor Witte, near Halle, who had be- 
fore written cn Peftalozzi’s method, Grii- 
ner, and jeveral others. From the two 
fir we may now foon expet the refults 
of their inquiries ; Gruner has already 
publifhed ‘* Briefe uber Peftalozzi, &c.” 
or Letters on Burgfdorf, on Peftallozzi, 
his Method and Inftitutions, which are 
announced as helps towards underftand- 
ing Peftallozzi’s work, entitled ‘* Wie 
Gertrud ihre Kinder Jehrte.”—The Man-~ 
ner in which Geitrude taught her Chil- 
dren,” and for explaining the ufe of Pef- 
talozzi’s elementary books. At an €ar- 
lier period, Passavant furniflied a 
“* Darfteliung der Peitalozzifchen Methode, 
&c;. or, View of Peftalozzi’s Method, 
founded on Obfervation, made at his In- 
ftitute in Burgdorf. Herpartr like. 
wie delivered his opinion on this fubjeét, 
in a pubiication entitled ‘* Ueber den | 
Standpunkt zur Beurtheilung der Petta- 
Jozzifchen Erziehungs-Methode,”” and fe- 
veral others wrote for and againft it, 
Among the laiter we find a Mr. STEIN- 
MILLER, a countryman of Pefialozzi, and 
the anonymous author of the ** Beleuch- | 
tung Pettalozz'fsichen Grofprechereyen.”” 
—lIlludration of Peftalozzi’s High-found- 
ing Boatftings. Some pedagogical wiiters 
treated both of this and other new me- 
thods ; as for inftance, TEUMER, who 
examined into the merits of not only Pef- 
talozzi’s method, but likewife thofe pro- 
pofed by Olivier, Stephani, Wolf, and 
Pohlmann; others confined themfelves to 
thofe of Peftalozzi and. Olivier. In the 
mean time Peftalozzi’s elementary books — 
, were continued ; and the mode of ufing 
them 
A 
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