HARMONY,   COLOB,   AND   KANAB   COAL  FIELDS,   UTAH.  387 
The  composition  of  coal  from  the  Harmony  field  is  shown  by  the 
analyses  on  page  388,  made  at  the  fuel-testing  plant  of  the  United 
States  Geological  Survey  at  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  by  uniform  methods,0 
under  the  direction  of  N.  W.  Lord  and  F.  M.  Stanton. 
The  analysis  of  each  sample  is  tabulated  in  two  forms,  showing 
the  analysis  of  the  sample  as  received  and  that  of  the  air-dried 
sample.  The  two  sets  of  figures  show  the  composition  of  the  same 
sample  under  different  conditions,  and  the  difference  in  the  figures 
emphasizes  the  necessity  of  stating  with  each  coal  analysis  exactly 
what  it  represents.  The  analysis  of  the  " sample  as  received"  shows 
the  percentage  of  the  several  constituents  in  the  coal,  including  the 
amount  of  water  contained  by  the  coal  as  mined.  The  analysis  of 
the  " air-dried  sample"  shows  the  percentage  of  the  several  con- 
stituents in  the  coal  after  it  has  been  powdered  and  allowed  to  lose 
the  moisture  that  evaporates  on  exposure  in  an  oven  heated  to  a 
temperature  slightly  above  that  of  the  laboratory  until  a  constant 
weight  results,  the  percentage  of  air-drying  loss  being  shown  in  the 
table.  For  general  purposes  the  figures  for  the  air-dried  sample  are 
best  for  comparison  with  other  analyses. 
The  analyses  show  an  extremely  high  percentage  of  ash,  ranging 
from  22.89  to  33.96  per  cent  in  the  air-dried  samples.  These  high 
values  are  due  to  the  intimate  association  of  shale  and  foreign  matter 
with  the  coal.  Better  results  are  obtained  from  picked  samples. 
Three  small  samples  selected  by  Mr.  Kirker  and  analyzed  by  Herman 
Harms,  State  chemist  of  Utah,  showed  respectively  11.65,  12.61,  and 
13.83  per  cent  of  ash,  and  two  small  lumps  of  coal  from  bed  6,  chosen 
to  show  low  ash  values,  were  found  to  contain  8.90  and  9.46  per 
cent  of  ash  by  G.  O.  Spitler,  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey. 
The  amount  of  coal  containing  such  relatively  low  proportions  of 
ash  has  not  been  determined.  If  by  washing  or  by  other  means  the 
product  of  this  field  can  be  put  on  the  market  with  a  much  lower 
percentage  of  ash  than  shown  by  the  analyses  on  page  388,  the 
Harmony  coal  will  rank  as  a  high-grade  fuel.  The  high  ash  con- 
tent is  the  cause  of  the  low  heating  values,  which  range  from  8,569  to 
10,796  British  thermal  units,  as  shown  in  the  table. 
Bed  6,  the  one  nearest  the  andesite,  has  a  fuel  ratio  of  13.16, 
which  on  that  basis  classes  the  coal  as  an  anthracite.  The  fuel 
ratios  of  beds  3  and  4  range  from  5.88  to  3.39,  which  woidd  class 
them  from  low-grade  semianthracite  to  semibituminous  coals.  The 
high  percentages  of  carbon  (82.06  to  88.53)  in  the  ultimate  analyses 
calculated  on  an  ash-free,  moisture-free  basis  emphasize  the  meta- 
morphosed condition  of  the  Harmony  coals. 
«  Prof.  Paper  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  No.  48,  1906,  pp.  174  et  seq. 
