rANHisis.]  EASTERN    CANADA    AND    NEWFOUNDLAND.  239 
SECTION  V.     NOVA  SCOTIA  AND  CAPE  BRETON. 
LITERATURE. 
Jackson  and  Alger,45  in  1832,  in  remarks  on  the  mineralogy  and 
geology  of  Nova  Scotia,  find  the  granites  to  protrude  through  the  clay- 
slates.  They  are,  however,  regarded  as  older  than  the  slates,  the  latter 
having  been  deposited  on  them  in  a  horizontal  position.  This  granite 
ls  the  only  Primitive  rock  of  Nova  Scotia.  The  line  of  junction  between 
bhe  slate  and  granite  was  not  observed.  The  slates  are  cut  by  numer- 
ous dikes  believed  to  be  of  igneous  origin  iu  age  posterior  to  the  slate. 
Brown,46  in  1843,  places  the  whole  northern  part  of  cape  Breton  in 
bhe  Primary  rocks.  Cape  North  is  composed  of  mica-slate,  gneiss,  and 
granitic  rocks  apparently  interstratified,  Avith  an  east  and  west  strike, 
and  upturned  nearly  on  edge.  Igneous  rocks  occupy  a  large  part  of 
bhe  island.  These  protrude  through  the  limestones  and  graywackes, 
which  are  associated  with  the  coal  measures. 
Dawson  (Sir  William),47  in  1850,  divides  the  metamorphic  rocks  of 
BasternNova  Scotia  into  two  groups;  one  along  the  Atlantic  coast  and 
vicinity,  and  another  belt  to  the  west,  parallel  to  the  first.  The  coast 
group  consists  of  quartzites,  mica-slates,  and  clay-slates,  which  are  cut  by 
granites,  and  it  is  therefore  called  the  granitic  group  of  metamorphics. 
rhe  second  group,  the  slates  and  quartzites,  include  micaceous  and 
balcose  schists,  while  the  intrusive  rocks  are  syenites  and  the  group  is 
therefore  called  the  syenitic  group.  The  syenitic  group  rests  uncon- 
formably  below  the  carboniferous  rocks,  the  latter  containing  fragments 
from  the  former.  These  are*  seen  at  numerous  points.  Both  of  these 
groups  of  rocks  are  regarded  as  belonging  to  the  fossiliferous  series, 
the  syenitic  group  being  Silurian.  The  granitic  group  is  probably 
older  than  the  syenitic,  and  therefore  also  Silurian  or  pre-Siluriau, 
but  the  actual  superposition  of  the  beds  of  the  two  groups  were  not 
observed. 
Dawson  (Sir  William),48  in  1855  and  1868,  places  in  the  Upper  Silu- 
rian large  areas  in  the  northern  and  eastern  parts  of  cape  Breton  as  well 
is  other  smaller  areas;  large  areas  in  northern  Nova  Scotia,  and  in 
Southern  Nova  Scotia  northwest  of  the  gold-bearing  series.     The  rocks 
lave  been  subjected  to  great  disturbances  and  are  much  complicated 
n  structure.    They  include  many  varieties,  syenite,  porphyry,  green- 
ttone- slates,  quartzites,  conglomerates,  and  sandstones.    Large  areas  of 
ranitic  rocks  are  also  found  associated  with  the  metamorphic  series 
eferred  to  the  Upper  Silurian. 
The  Lower  Silurian  covers  a  very  large  area  along  the  Atlantic  coast 
f  Nova  Scotia  known  as  the  gold-bearing  series.    This  area  has  afforded 
lo  fossils  but  appears  to  be  a  continuation  of  the  older  slate  series  of 
ukes  of  Newfoundland  whi*eh  contain  Paradoxides.    Among  the  inet- 
morphic  rocks  of  this  region  are  gneiss,  mica-slate,  quartz-rock  or 
uartzite,  and  clay-slate.    The  gneiss  is  unquestionably  the  product  of 
