van  hiss;,]  EASTERN    UNITED    STATES.  417 
Campbell  (J.  L.),1H0  in  1880,  describes  the  metamorphic  Archean 
rocks  along  the  James  river  and  Kanawha  canal  as  including-  lime- 
stones, schists,  and  quartzites. 
Campbell  (J.  L.),181  in  1880,  describes  the  Archean  rocks  at  James 
river  gap  as  consisting  of  granulite  and  syenite,  upon  which  rest  much 
metamorphosed  beds  of  conglomeratic  quartzite,  and  over  these  slates. 
These  Archean  rocks  are  unconfonnably  below  the  Primordial  rocks, 
which  contain  fragments  of  slate,  crystals  of  feldspar,  epidote,  etc., 
more  or  less  waterworn  and  cemented  together.  The  slates  were  met- 
amorphosed before  they  were  deposited  in  the  Primordial  strata.  The 
syenite  and  granulite  are  eruptive  rocks  which  have  been  thrown  up 
since  the  deposition  of  the  Primordial,  as  is  indicated  by  the  fact  that 
the  stratified  rocks  dip  at  a  high  angle  away  from  the  igneous  masses, 
and  also  from  the  influence  of  heat  exerted  upon  the  overlying  slates 
and  sandstones.  Higher  in  the  series  traces  are  found  of  metamorphic 
changes.  The  syenite  and  granulite  are  supposed  to  be  the  result  of 
aqueo-igneous  fusion  and  to  represent  material  which  is  really  older 
than  the  stratified  rocks. 
Fontatne,182  in  1883,  describes  the  Blue  ridge  between  Turks  gap 
and  Balcony  falls  as  consisting  of  Laurentiaii,  Huronian,  and  Primor- 
dial rocks.  The  first  is  mostly  gneiss;  the  second  mostly  homblendic, 
micaceous,  and  argillaceous  schists;  and  in  the  Primordial  is  found 
Seolithus. 
Kqgers  ( W.B.),183  in  1884,  states  that  the  Blue  ridge  is  a  continuation 
of  the  Green  mountains  of  Vermont,  the  Highlands  of  New  York  and 
New  Jersey,  and  the  South  mountain  of  Pennsylvania,  and,  continued 
southwar d,  becomes  the  Smoky  or  Unaka  mountains  of  Tennessee.    The 
rocks  consist  for  the  most  part  of  the  older  metamorphic  strata,  includ- 
ing gneiss,  and  micaceous,  chloritic,  talcose,  and  argillaceous  schists, 
together  with  masses  referable  to  the  earliest  Appalachian  formations, 
sometimes  in  a  highly  altered  condition.     Innumerable  dikes  and  veins 
of  all  dimensions,  and  consisting  of  a  vast  variety  of  igneous  materials, 
ipenetrate  this  belt,  disturbing  and  altering  its  strata  in  a  remarkable 
degree.     Southern  dips  are  prevalent  throughout  the  whole  of  the 
region.     This  is  particularly  the  case  in  the  southeastern  or  most  dis- 
turbed side  of  the  belt,  but  on  the  northwest  side  the  reverse  dips  are 
more  common.     In  many  cases  the  ordinary  anticlinal  and  synclinal 
structures  are  regarded  as  overturned  in  a  northwest  direction,  which 
makes  the  two  sides  of  the  fold  approximately  parallel,  and  when  this 
s  not  the  case  gives  the  northwest  sides  a  deeper  dip  than  the  south- 
sastern.     In  many  of  the  sections  the  unconformity  between  the  Cam- 
brian and  the  crystalline  metamorphic  rocks  is  unmistakable,  the  lower 
nembers  of  the  former  being  seen  to  rest  on  the  slope  of  the  ridge,  with 
lorthwest  undulating  dips  on  the  edges  of  the  southeastward-dipping 
>lder  rocks.     In  other  cases  the  primal  beds,  thrown  into  southeast 
lips  in  the  hills  which  flank  the  Blue  ridge,  are  made  to  underlie,  with 
Bull.  8() 21 
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