GLASS-SAND    INDUSTRY    OF    INDIANA,  KENTUCKY,  AND    OHIO,       363 
cents  per  ton  over  the  sand  brought  from  the  Fox  River  (Illinois)  dis- 
trict and  the  Klondike  (Missouri)  district.  All  the  sand  that  can  be 
!  produced,  of  sufficient  purity  even  for  green  and  amber  bottles,  finds 
a  ready  and  waiting  market  at  good  prices.  These  conditions  are 
encouraging  to  producers  and  manufacturers  alike,  and  there  is  a 
tendency  now  on  the  part  of  certain  manufacturers  to  secure  for  them- 
selves reserves  of  undeveloped  sandstone.  At  the  same  time  it  must 
be  remembered  that  no  large  quantities  of  sandstone  are  known  in 
Indiana  which  have  the  purity  of  the  St.  Peter  sandstone,  so  abundant 
farther  west.  Consequently,  for  certain  grades  of  glass,  there  will 
always  be  a  demand  for  sand  from  beyond  the  State.  As  to  the  quan- 
tities of  crushed  limestone  and  burned  lime  produced  within  the  State, 
there  are  at  present  no  definite  statistics,  but  the  procuring  of  these 
materials  does  not  seem  to  offer  any  serious  difficulties,  first,  because 
much  smaller  quantities  of  them  are  used  than  of  sand;  second, 
because  certain  quarries  in  Illinois  and  Ohio  have  a  well-established 
trade,  and  third,  because  Indiana  herself  has,  in  the  Mitchell  and 
Bedford  limestones,  inexhaustible  supplies  of  satisfactory  material. 
According  to  statistics,  Ohio  produced  93.7  per  cent  as  much  glass 
sand  as  is  used  in  the  State.  A  large  part  of  this  product,  however, 
passes  from  the  eastern  part  of  the  State  to  glass  factories  in  western 
Pennsylvania,  and  a  corresponding  amount  is  brought  in  from  other 
States — notably  from  West  Virginia  and  Illinois — at  relatively  higher 
prices.  Glass  works  are  established  within  an  area  extending  north 
and  south  across  the  State  from  Toledo  to  Cincinnati  and  as  far  east 
as  Steubenville.  Each  plant  is  usually  well  situated  with  regard  to 
fuel,  either  natural  gas  or  coal,  but  many  have  to  pay  excessive  freight 
charges  on  their  sand.  The  opening  of  new  deposits  and  the  readjust- 
ment of  markets  would  simplify  this  situation. 
Kentucky  has  only  recently  begun  to  manufacture  glass.  Fac- 
tories are  in  operation  at  Frankfort  and  Owensboro,  and  glass  sand  is 
produced  at  Tip  Top. 
PREPARATION    OF  GLASS    SAND. 
The  method  of  treatment  of  glass  sand  depends  on  the  character  of  the 
deposit  and  on  its  position.  The  materials  used  for  glass  sand  in  central 
United  States  are  mainly  bedded  sandstones,  and  a  complete  process  of 
preparation  includes  quarrying,  breaking,  crushing,  and  grinding  into 
componentgrains,  screening,  washing,  draining,  drying,  and  final  screen- 
ing to  various  sizes.  Some  beds  of  sandstones  are  so  loose  and  friable 
that  they  can  be  reduced  by  a  strong  hydraulic  jet;  some  producers 
dispense  with  the  operation  of  washing  their  sand,  others  do  not  dry 
it.  It  has  been  shown  that  washing  improves  the  quality  of  sand  of 
the  highest  grade. a     It  is  mistaken  economy  to  neglect  this  important 
aBurchard,  E.  F.,  Glass  sand  of  middle  Mississippi  basin:  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  No.  285,  1906, 
p.  461. 
