moffit.]  THE    KOTZEBUE    PLACEK    GOLD    FIELD,    ALASKA.  77 
Hannum  Creek,  which  Hows  into  the  Lmiachuk  above  the  mouth  of 
the  Pinnell,  has  produced  a  small  amount  of  gold  during  the  last  two 
years.  This  stream  Hows  through  a  narrow  canyon-like  valley  sur- 
rounded by  a  rim  of  lava  and  sheeted  over  with  gravels,  consisting 
mainly  of  schist  with  smaller  amounts  of  quartz,  limestone,  and  lava, 
which  appear  in  places  as  broad  tundra-covered  flats  one-fourth  to 
one-half  mile  long. 
The  gold  is  irregularly  distributed  along  the  bed  rock  of  the  channel, 
or  "spotted,"  as  the  prospectors  say;  with  it  is  associated  some  pyrite 
and  a  very  small  amount  of  galena. 
Old  Glory,  on  which  the  original  discovery  of  gold  in  this  region 
was  made,  is  a  short  creek  about  6  miles  in  length,  rising  in  the  lime- 
stone area  north  of  the  Asses  Ears  and  joining  Pinnell  River  li  miles 
above  its  junction  with  the  Inmachuk.  The  valley  of  Old  Glory  is 
cut  in  a  series  of  schists  with  occasional  interbedded  limestones;  it  is 
broader  than  that  of  Hannum  Creek,  and  is  covered  with  a  sheet  of 
wash  gravel,  largely  quartz,  which  extends  well  up  on  the  slopes. 
Near  the  bottom  of  the  valley  the  gravels  have  been  much  disturbed 
by  the  sliding  of  rock,  gravel,  and  tundra  from  the  sides.  These 
gravels  differ  further  from  those  above  in  the  much  larger  amount  of 
schist  which  they  contain  and  the  decrease  in  rounded  quartz  pebbles. 
No  pay  streak  is  known,  the  creek  being  "spotted,"  as  is  Hannum 
Creek. 
Candle  Creek. — In  the  eastern  district  Candle  Creek,  which  has  pro- 
duced more  than  three  times  as  much  as  the  combined  output  of  all  the 
other  camps,  joins  Kiwalik  River  about  9  miles  above  the  town  of 
Kiwalik  on  the  sand  spit  at  the  entrance  to  Spafarief  Bay.  The  creek 
is  nearly  16  miles  long.  It  flows  in  a  northeasterly  direction  through  a 
broad  V-shaped  valley  with  gentle  slopes  and  rounded  tundra-covered 
hills,  which  are  always  wet  and  make  difficult  traveling  for  men  and 
horses. 
Sixty-six  claims,  containing  20  acres  each,  are  said  to  have  been 
staked  on  the  creek,  besides  a  considerable  number  of  bench  claims  on 
Bither  side  of  these.  The  gravels  of  Candle  Creek  are  almost  entirely 
schist  with  a  small  amount  of  quartz.  On  some  of  the  bench  claims 
the  gravels  have  a  thickness  of  8  feet,  exclusive  of  "slide"  and  tundra. 
Near  the  stream  they  are  generally  overlain  by  a  bed  of  ice.  Owing 
to  the  low  grade  of  the  channel  the  use  of  bed-rock  drains  has  not  been 
possible  on  this  creek,  and  the  China  pump  is  universally  employed 
'or  keeping  the  pits  clear  of  water.  The  cost  of  mining  is  considera- 
bly increased  for  this  reason,  since  one  extra  man  and  sometimes  two 
ire  required  to  work  the  pumps. 
During  the  last  two  years  the  channel  has  been  nearly  worked  out, 
md  attention  is  now  turned  toward  the  bench  claims,  on  which  the 
uture  of  the  camp  largely  depends.     These  bench  claims  are  known 
