326  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    ECONOMIC    GEOLOGY,    1903.  [bull. 225. 
Upper  Freeport  coal,  known  throughout  this  region  as  the  "E"  or 
Lemon  seam.  This  coal  lies  probably  350  feet  below  the  surface  at 
the  town  of  Wilmore,  or  at  an  altitude  above  sea  level  of  about  1,200 
feel .  This  is  probably  about  the  deepest  point  in  the  basin,  as  the  coal 
appears  to  rise  along  the  synclinal  axis  in  both  directions.  Where  the 
a  x  is  crosses  South  Fork  of  the  Conemaugh,  about  one-half  mile  above  the 
site  of  the  old  Conemaugh  reservoir  dam  and  a  short  distance  west  of 
the  quadrangle,  the  Upper  Freeport  coal  is  also  about  350  feet  below 
the  surface,  or  about  1,230  feet  above  sea.  The  coal  rises  northward 
along  the  axis  and  is  probably  about  1,310  feet  above  sea  at  Munster 
and  about  650  feet  below  the  surface.  These  figures  are  presented 
subject  to  change  when  the  data  now  in  hand  are  thoroughly  digested, 
but  it  is  believed  that  they  are  close  to  the  truth. 
Mining  operations. —  Mining  operations  are  confined  almost  exclu- 
sively to  two  seams — the  Upper  Freeport  and  to  what  is  known  in  the 
region  as  the  "B"  or  Miller  seam,  the  latter  lying  from  180  to  200 
feet  below  the  former.  This  is  probably  to  be  correlated  with  the 
Lower  Kittanning  seam  of  the  Allegheny  Valley,  and  it  will  be  so 
called  in  this  paper.  Both  of  these  seams  run  from  3  to  4  feet  in 
thickness.  Three  and  one-half  feet  of  merchantable  coal  is  probably 
a  fair  average.  Both  coals  are  rather  soft  as  a  whole,  and  cleave 
into  prismatic  pieces,  having  a  highly  lustrous  surface.  Both  are 
excellent  steaming  coals,  and  a  large  portion  of  the  output  is  shipped 
to  the  Atlantic  seaboard  to  be  used  for  steaming  purposes.  The  Upper 
Freeport  coal  makes  a  good  coke,  and  a  large  part  of  the  coal  from 
that  seam  is  coked  at  the  mines.  The  Lower  Kittanning  is  highly 
regarded  as  a  blacksmithing  coal. 
Mining  is  at  present  confined  to  the  regions  of  outcrop  of  the  coal 
beds,  and,  with  the  exception  of  the  operations  at  Cresson  and  Gal- 
litzin,  mainly  to  the  valleys  cut  into  the  mountain  side  by  Bear  Rock 
Run,  Bens  Creek,  Trout  Run,  South  Fork  of  the  Conemaugh,  and 
Yellow  Run.  These  streams  have  deeply  trenched  the  coal-bearing 
si  lata,  and  also  opened  a  way  by  which  the  coal  beds  can  be  easily 
reached  by  spurs  from  the  main  line  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad, 
thereby  facilitating  the  loading  and  transportation  of  the  coal  from 
the  mines  on  either  side  of  the  narrow  valleys.  Accessibilit}^  to  the 
railroad  has  determined  the  location  of  operations  at  Gallitzin  and 
Cresson. 
The  Upper  Freeport  coal  is  worked  in  the  vicinity  of  Bennington 
and  Gallitzin,  at  the  Bennington  No.  1,  Webster  No.  1,  and  Webster 
No.  11  mines,  belonging  to  the  Pennsylvania  Coal  and  Coke  Compan}^, 
and  at  the  Taylor  and  McCoy  mine.  Bennington  No.  1  and  Webster 
No.  11  are  drifts;  Webster  No.  1  is  a  shaft  or  slope  mine,  and  the 
Taylor  and  McCoy  is  a  shaft  mine.  Near  Bennington  is  the  Reed  and 
Bradley  mine,  a  small  operation  in  the  Lower  Kittanning,  and  there 
