480  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    ECONOMIC    GEOLOGY,   1903.  [bull.  225. 
exception  no  other  brick  works  now  use  clay  from  this  terrace,  though 
at  Van  port,  in  connection  with  Lower  Kittanning  clay,  it  is  reported 
once  to  have  been  used. 
PRODUCTION. 
In  the  clay  industry  of  the  United  States  Ohio  ranks  first,  produ- 
cing 19^  per  cent  of  the  total  product,  valued  at  over  $34,000,000'. 
Pennsylvania  ranks  second,  with  a  product  of  over  $17,000,000,  which 
is  14  per  cent  of  the  total  product  of  the  United  States. 
Pennsylvania  holds  first  place  in  the  United  States  in  the  manufacture 
of  fire  brick  and  building  brick,  making  one-half  of  the  total  product 
in  fire  brick  and  over  one-seventh  of  the  building  brick.  Ohio  and 
New  Jersey  hold  second  and  third  place,  respectively.  The  preemi- 
nence of  Pennsylvania  in  the  fire-brick  industry  is  probably  due  to  the 
extraordinary  demand  for  refractory  materials  within  the  State  itself, 
as  it  is  the  chief  iron  producer  of  the  United  States.  Enormous  quan- 
tities of  fire  brick,  fire-clay  cement,  and  other  refractory  products  are 
used  as  linings  for  blast  furnaces,  crucibles,  and  other  articles  in  the 
metallurgical  processes  and  also  as  linings  for  coking  ovens  and  house 
furnances. 
Of  the  total  Pennsylvania  production,  Beaver  County  supplies  a 
considerable  part.  It  produces  29  per  cent  of  the  Pennsylvania  pot- 
tery, all  within  a  radius  of  a  mile  and  a  half  from  New  Brighton,  30 
per  cent  of  its  paving  brick,  and  25  per  cent  of  its  fancy  or  ornamental 
brick;  16  per  cent  of  the  fire  brick  made  in  Pennsylvania,  and  about 
the  same  proportion  of  sewer  pipe,  fireproofing,  and  tile  (not  drain), 
come  from  Beaver  County.  But  of  building  brick  it  supplies  the  least, 
4  per  cent  of  the  total  amount  manufactured  in  the  State.  Of  the  total 
clay  products  of  the  State,  Beaver  County  furnishes  5  per  cent.  This 
is  a  small  percentage  of  what  the  county  could  produce  if  its  clay 
deposits  were  developed  in  proportion  to  those  in  Ohio  where  the  clay 
deposits  are  practically  the  same  as  those  in  Beaver  County.  Further 
development,  however,  is  greatly  impeded  by  lack  of  transportation 
facilities.  This  is  especially  true  along  Ohio  River,  west  of  Beaver 
River,  where  the  valley  affords  but  one  single-track  railroad  with  an 
embarrassing  scarcity  of  cars,  and  a  river  unnavigable  for  a  great  part 
of  the  year. 
