62 
callous or firm points, which are formed for 
that purpofe, and which, in particular places, 
are as hard as the fofter part of a Cow’s horn. 
‘Though the methods hitherto mentioned, tend- 
ing to one and the fame end, differ greatly 
among themfelves, the wife Creator of the 
univerfe has, befides, invented many others 
much more wonderful: in fome animals he 
has formed bones manifeftly on the furface, and 
put flefh between them with the moft exqui- 
fite art, as in the Cray-fifh, Crab, and many 
others; and he has likewife followed the 
fame rule in moft kinds of Infeécts, and likewife 
in this kind of Snails, to which the hell is as 
areal bone. The immenfe power and wifdom 
of God fhew themfelves greateft and moft pro- 
found in thofe little animals, to which he has 
given both an horny fhell, and the harder coat 
of a Crab; fo that the mufcles of the fofter 
part are inferted in the fhelly fubftance of their 
bodies, whilft that very judicious architect 
has inferted the reft of them in a hard bone, 
which covers their body, and is continued there- 
with out of the fhell, as may be obferved in 
the Hermit-fith. Though the Tortoife lives 
in a little houfe as it were, and carries its bones, 
like the fhell-fifh, on the outfide, yet God has 
again eftablifhed a different order in that crea- 
ture, fince he has given it two forts of bones, 
fome which grow contiguous with the bone 
that covers it, and others which are fixed to 
it by the help of joints; fo that by this means 
the mufcles are in this creature ftrengthened with 
a double infertion. And as this exhibits a very 
uncommon object in a living Tortoife, fo the 
futures of the bones, which conftitute the out- 
ward fhell, are worthy of particular obfervation ; 
for, in my opinion, they differ from the futures 
of the bones of all other creatures whatfoever, as 
Ican demonftrate by a fhell that I keep in my 
collection. But fince this animal alfo lays eggs, 
that are covered with fhells, which I have feen 
in great numbers in the body; and fince thofe 
eggs muft be emitted through a very {mall aper- 
ture in the bone, on one fide of the tail, through 
which they can by no means naturally pais, 
it is beyond all manner of doubt, that the fu- 
tures of the bones in this creature, muft, at 
the time of the exclufion of the eggs, feparate 
from each other. Anatomifts, with all their 
force, oppofe the notion of fuch a thing hap- 
pening in human fubjects at the time of deli- 
very. I fhall not pronounce, for certain, how 
this matter is, but I believe moft firmly, that 
fuch a temporary feparation happens in Tor- 
toifes. 
To return to the bones and mufcles; we muft 
obferve, that the mufcles are not fimply in- 
ferted in the bone, but that a certain part of 
the bones themfelves conftitutes one of the ex- 
treme ends of the tendons of the mufcle, fo 
that the mufcles fixed in each fide in the 
bones have two bony extremities. Every 
mufcle therefore confifts of three parts ; the 
middle part is flefh, but the two extremities 
are the white, membraneous, firm, and fibrous 
The B°OPO1K: of N AT U Res’ or 
joints of this flefh, which become bony where 
they are inferted in the bone; or otherwife re- 
main hard and compact, or become fofter and 
more tough, according to the different nature 
of the parts to which they are joined, and 
which they are conftituted to move. Hence it 
happens that a mufcle is fometimes inferted in a 
mu{cle, Nay, which is furprifingly fingular and 
uncommon, Mr. Stenon has demonftrated to 
me, and to my very efteemed friend Dr. John 
Oort, in the eyes of birds, after what manner 
a mufcle paffes through a mutcle by its tendon, 
as through a pully, fo that the perforated muf- 
cle can draw to itfelf, or let loofe the perfo- 
rator, according as the tendon of the latter, 
pafling through the former, fhould be brought 
nearer or removed further; than which ftruGure 
fcarce any thing appears more admirable. 
After what manner the mufcles are inferted 
in the fhell or bone of the Snail, and united 
therewith, appears moft manifeftly when that 
houfe of the creature is opened, for it is then 
obferved, that all the principal tendons of the 
mufcles of its body, run, fomea little lower, 
others fomewhat higher and deeper, towards 
the fpiral part of the fhell, and are fixed, Tab. 
V1. fig 1. 2, is ane -thell-itich, @ batch of 
ftony bone of the Snail. This may be feen 
particularly in that winding or finus of the 
fhell, which is the fecond from its lower aper- 
ture; I mean that through which the Snail 
throws out its body and verge or foot. ‘There 
may, after this, be further obferved, the infer- 
tion of the two longeft mufcles 44 of the Snail, 
which {ferve principally to move that great and 
fmooth verge or border of the body, by the 
affifttance of which, as with a broad kind of 
foot, the Snail creeps forward, and moves from 
place to place; but this muft be done with a 
very flow pace, according to the proverb, 
© Slower than a Snail.” ‘Thofe mutcles in the 
middle of the body, where they are for the 
moft part inferted, form a ftrong tendon; be~ 
tween which, towards the hinder parts, is 
feen here and there fome moifture, which is 
yellowith, pretty thick, and contained in peculiar 
little cells, of the ufe whereof I am hitherto 
entirely ignorant. Backward, under the extreme 
part of the hell, we fee the fibres of thefe muf- 
cles ¢ run, which are inferted in thetail of the 
creature, or loweft extremity of the fringe, 
which is moved by them. Moreover, there is 
feen the parts, Tab. VI. fig. 11. d, wherein all 
the tendons of the mufcles of the verge, that fur- 
rounds the upper part of the Snail’s body, have 
their origination. And thofe, together with the 
tendinous skin that covers the whole {piral part 
of the body, afterwards afcend to the laft or 
extreme point of the fhell, but are no where 
further inferted ; they are only curled, and 
there they contract the extreme end of the 
liver, and move it occafionally, together with 
the inteftines. Above, and near the infertion 
of thefe, is feen a {mall mufcle e, which draws 
inthe parts of the jaws and mouth, and the 
cartilage, with which the tongue is covered, 
together 
