42 CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY. 
petals (=perigynous). ‘The ovary is totally undeveloped, the 
only trace of the pistil being a red papillose point in the centre 
of the disc, and which apparently represents the stigmas of the 
undeveloped carpels. The nectariferous disc attracts numbers 
of flies, beetles, and other insects. 
Fig. 53. 3 flower of Rubus ' Fig. 54. 2? flower of Rubus 
australis, australis. 
2? flowers.—The panicles are usually smaller, and the in- 
dividual flowers are smaller and greener than the g. The 
adhesion of the calyx—which could not be made out in the. 
3 flowers—is here seen to be inferior ; the petals are generally 
similar, the stamens are: totally wanting, while the ovary is 
formed of a large number of closely-packed, but separate, 
carpels. Hach carpel bears a small sub-apical style, which 
expands into a more or less oblique stigma. Make a longi- 
tudinal section, and notice that each carpel contains a single 
pendulous ovule. 
Later im the season try to get these carpels as they pro- 
gress towards maturity, and 
observe the modifications which 
they have undergone. Hach one 
has become succulent, forming 
a little fruit called a drupel, 
Fig. 56, Drupel of N.Z. Bramble, 
Fig. 55. Fruit of N.Z. Bramble. in longitudinal section. (ep, ep! 
carp ; mes, mesocarp ; end, endo- 
carp; s, seed.) 
the structure of which will be more easily understood when 
you have examined the fruit of a peach or plum. When quite 
ripe all the division-walls between the separate drupels dis- 
appear, and the whole form together the succulent aggregate 
fruit known as the bramble- or lawyer-berry. 
