BRAMBLE TYPE. 43 
(a.) Compare the Raspberry (Rubus ideus) with the preceding, and 
notice how—though the plant is a perennial—its stems are biennial, 
coming up one season, bearing flowers and fruit the next, and then 
dying. The hairs on the stems are not developed into spines, the plant 
not being aclimber. The flowers are 8 , not dicecious. 
_ (b.) The Sweet-briar Rose (Rosa rubiginosa).—Note the straggling 
stems (becoming almost climbing in some cultivated roses), armed with 
woody spines, which, however, are hardly at all recurved. The object of 
these spines and similar growths is probably to protect the plants against 
the attacks of grazing animals. The leaves, as in the raspberry, are 
pinnate, and have adnate stipules. Compare two flowers, one entire and 
the other cut longitudinally. Notice that the lower part of the 5-lobed 
calyx unites with the receptacle to form an inflated sac, in which the 
carpels are placed, and that this is the part which in fruit becomes 
crimson and succulent. Any fruit formed, as this is, of the pistil together 
with some other part, is termed a pseudocarp ;* and if we cut open a 
rose-hip, as the ibe pseudocarp is called, we find that 
the separate and co carpels have ripened into achenes. 
Evidently the object in this case, as in that of the rasp- 
berry and bramble, is to render the fruit attractive to 
birds, and perhaps to some animals. These swallow the 
achenes, and pass them through their alimentary canal 
unharmed and ready to germinate. In this manner the 
seeds are distributed. But, while in Rubus it is the 
outer part of the pericarp of each little carpel which _. 
becomes succulent and brightly coloured, in the rose Fig. 57. Pseudo- 
the pericarp of each carpel remains hard and dry, and catp of Rose, 
the receptacle and calyx-tube combine to form the at- inlongitudinal 
tractive portion. Thus the same end is gained, but by section. 
the employment of different means. 
(c.) In the Strawberry (Fragaria vesca) a common mode of propaga- 
tion 1s by long creeping stems or rwmners, which send down roots at the 
nodes. The rose, and many other plants of the family, also increase by 
similar stems, which, however, creep along under the surface of the 
ground, and are termed suckers. The flowers are very similar to the 
preceding, having, however, a 
double calyx of 10 sepals. Note 
the development of the fruit. You 
will observe that the receptacle 
in this flower continues to swell 
up until it becomes the large 
succulent mass we know as the 
strawberry, on the outside of which 
the achenes are placed. These, Fig. 58. Achéne 
Fig. 59. Longi- 
tudinal section 
of course, are popularly called the of Strawberry ‘ 
seeds, but if you cut one longi- with tect er cat eke 
tudinally you will find it contains style (mag.) (x Pee: : ay, 
a single seed inside. 1ag.). 
(d.) Piripiri (Acena sanguisorbe).— This plant, whose 
name is usually pronounced ‘ bid-a-bid,” is a familiar friend. 
Most people are only familiar with its ripe fruit, and consider 
it a pest. Note the strong, tough, creeping, silky stems, the 
remote alternate leaves, with their adnate stipules, their nu- 
merous pinnate leaflets, which diminish in size from the ter- 
minal one to those at the base, the deeply-serrate margins, 
* Gr. peudos, false; karpos, fruit. 
