UMBELLIFERA. 143 
Order XXXIV. UmMBernuireras. 
Herbs, rarely shrubby, usually aromatic or rank-smelling 
when bruised. Stems often hollow, solid at the nodes. Leaves 
alternate, usually much divided, rarely simple ; petiole with a 
membranous sheath at the base. Flowers sinall, arranged in 
simple or usually compound umbels, sometimes in heads with 
or without involucral bracts. Calyx-tube adnate with the 
ovary; limb 5-toothed or wanting. Petals 5, epigynous ; tips 
usually incurved. Stamens 5, alternate and inserted with the 
petals; filaments bent inwards in bud. Ovary 2-celled 
(rarely 1-celled by abortion) ; styles 2, often broadened at 
their base into stylopodia, which crown the ovary ; ovule 1 in 
each cell, pendulous. Fruit separating into 2 dry indehiscent 
carpels, which sometimes remain suspended from a central 
axis or carpophore ; each earpel longitudinally 5—9-ribbed, and 
the pericarp usually traversed by oil-canals, or vitte. Seed 
usually adherent to the pericarp ; embryo minute, in horny 
endosperm. (Pp. 50-52, figs. 73-82.) 
A large order, most abundant in the north temperate zone, in- 
cluding over 150 genera and 1,300 species, and represented in these 
islands by 11 genera and about 50 species. Of these, Hydrocotyle (10 sp.) 
is a widespread genus; only 1 or 2 of the local species are endemic. 
Azorella, an antarctic genus, is represented by 7 species, all endemie, 
Crantzia lineata, both our species of Apiwm, and Eryngium vesiculosum 
are widely spread in the Southern Hemisphere. Of Actinotus, an Austra- 
lian genus in which the ovary is only 1-celled, one species occurs in 
Stewart Island. Oreomyrrhis, another southern genus, is represented by 
3 endemic species. Aciphylla (Spear-grass), the most characteristic of our 
Umbelliferee, has 6 endemic species; one or two species also occur in the 
mountains of south-eastern Australia. Ligusticwm (14 sp.) and Angelica 
(4 sp.) are widespread genera, but all the local species are endemic, 
Daucus brachiatus, a native Carrot, is common in the Southern Hemi- 
Sphere. A few introduced species have become wild in this colony. 
A large number of useful plants belong to the order. Celery 
(Apiwm), Parsley (Carwm), Parsnip (Pastinaca), and Carrot (Daucas) 
are common culinary plants. Caraway, Anise, Fennel, Coriander, 
Samphire, Lovage, Angelica, Cumin, &c., are aromatic herbs. Many are 
poisonous—e.g., Hemlock, Water Hemlock, Fool’s Parsley, &c. Certain 
resinous substances used in medicine are obtained from plants of the 
order—e.g., Gum Assafoetida. 
Order XXXVIII. RuBiacez. | 
Shrubs or trees (rarely herbs) with opposite stipulate 
leaves, or herbs in which the stipules so resemble the leaves 
as to make the latter appear whorled; leaves simple, entire. 
Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary; limb 2-5-lobed or 0. Co- 
rolla epigynous, rotate, campanulate or tubular, 4—8-lobed, 
usually valvate. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes, epi- 
petalous. Ovary 2- (rarely 3-) celled, with 2 styles ; ovule 1 in 
each cell. Fruit a drupe, or dry and indehiscent ; seeds with 
small embryo having flat cotyledons, in horny endosperm. 
(Pp. 61-63, figs. 108-112.) 
