FAULTS AND FOLDINGS 35 
to sink beneath the waves, have naturally affected 
the rocks to a considerable extent. Such move- 
ments have actually changed the textures of rocks, 
and been the means of rearrangement of their com- 
ponent minerals. The rounded grains of some sand- 
stones have been flattened into plates, and their 
appearance has been changed completely. And it is 
to earth movements that faulis and foldings are due. 
Stratified rocks, whose beds were originally level, 
have been tilted at an angle (Fig. 3); their continuity 
has also been broken ; parts of them have sunk, or 
have been raised along a line of breakage which is 
known as the “‘line of fault.”? On the right side of 
that line the beds may have remained in their original 
position, while on the left they may have been 
lowered to a considerable depth. Or there may 
have been an upward movement of the strata on 
one side of the line of fault, and also a downward 
movement of those on the other, causing the strata 
to be bent along the plane of fault, as in Fig. 4. 
There is a line of fault across Scotland, which may 
be traced for 125 miles; it is the boundary between 
the Highlands and the Lowlands. On the south 
side of this fault the rocks are estimated to have 
sunk several thousand feet. There are many ex- 
tensive faults, but numerous quite small and local 
ones occur. An old lady once said that geologists 
were very ungodly people because they were always 
looking for faults in the works of God! To be 
exact, faults are not flaws in Creation, but mar- 
vellous agencies which have been the means of 
revealing many geological truths which would not 
otherwise have appeared, and they have also 
