140 THE OPEN BOOK OF NATURE 
To begin with, you must either possess or have 
access to a good “Flora.”” When I was a boy I 
puzzled out many a species with the aid of Babing- 
ton’s ‘Manual of British Botany.” Now, I find 
Bentham and Hooker’s “ British Flora” of the 
greatest value. But perhaps as good and simple a 
book as young folk can use is Johns’ “ Flowers of 
the Field ” in its latest edition. I think you should 
save up your pocket-money to get “Johns”; the 
cost is seven and sixpence. 
In Routledge’s 1908 edition of “Johns” the 
natural arrangement of Flowering Plants is thus 
presented : 
CLASSI. DICOTYLEDONS.—Seeds composed of two cotyle- 
dons. Leaves generally net-veined. Parts of flowers in fours, 
fives, or multiples of four and five. 
Sus-Ciass I. THatamiritora.—Flowers have calyx and 
corolla; petals distinct, and, in common with stamens, grow 
separately from sepals. Stamens grow from base of ovary. 
Sus-Ciass II. Catycirtor#.—Flowers possess calyx and 
corolla. Petals distinct. Stamens inserted in calyx, or near 
to its base. 
Sus-Ciass III. Corotiuirtora.—Flowers have calyx and 
corolla. Petals joined. Stamens fixed on petals. 
Sus-Criass IV. MonocHLtamyDu (Greek monos, one, chlamys, 
covering).—Flowers have only a single envelope (perianth) or 
none. 
Another Sub-class not mentioned in this edition 
of “Johns” is named GYMNOSPERM& (Greek, 
gymnos = naked, and sperma=a seed). No perianth, 
no ovary or styles ; ovules and seeds seemingly naked. 
CLASS II. MONOCOTYLEDONS.—One cotyledon. Leaves 
generally parallel-veined. Stem growing by matter added from 
within, whereas Dicotyledons increase their stems by new 
matter added just under the bark. 
Sus-Crass J. Petatorpa#.—F lowers possess petals. 
Sus-Crass II. Guumaczea.—Flowers possess glumes, which 
are chaffy scales. Grasses belong to this Sub-class. 
