42 ‘ ROTANY FOR BEGINNERS. {Ch. VH. 
fig. 22, ; 
A/\ (Vv 153) VF rond:. bie.ice. ge bis 
>is where the leaf appears to be a 
\\” part of the stem, as in the com- 
mon fern, which bears its flowers 
and fruit upon the back and edges 
of the leaf. The palm leaves are 
called fronds. Plants with fronds 
and stipes are sometimes called 
by the general name of stiped- 
plants. 
154. By observations of geolo- 
gists, it is ascertained that stip- 
ed plants were created before 
: cauline ones; since petrifactions 
of the former are found in the lower formations of the earth, 
while no remains of cauline plants are ever found in them. In 
this sketch of the fern, a represents the lower part of the frond, 
sometimes also called the stipe. 
Fig. 23. ‘ 
il 155. Stipe, is the stem or leafless part of a 
frond, or the stalk of a fungus or mushroom. The 
term is also applied to the slender thread, which » 
a@in many of the compound flowers, elevates the 
hairy crown, with which the seeds are furnished, 
and connects it with the seed. Thus, in the seed 
of the Dandelion, which is here represented, the 
column (Fig. 23, a) standing on the seed (0) and 
elevating the down (c) is the stipe. 
153. Describe the frond. 
What plants, according to the observations of geologists were 
» ieee 2 
155. What is a stipe? 
