30 BOTANY FOR BEGINNERS. Ch. V 
2. Superriua. Florets of the disk perfect, those of the ray, 
containing only pistils, which without stamens are su- 
perfiuous. 
3. Frustranea. Florets of the disk perfect, of the ray neu- 
tral, or without the stamen or pistil; therefore frustra- 
ted, or useless. 
4, Necessania. Florets of the disk staminate, of the ray pis- 
tillate; the latter being necessary to the perfection of 
the fruit. 
5. Sererecata. Florets separated from each other by par- 
tial calyxes, or each floret having a perianth. 
102. The orders of the 18th, 19th, and 20th classes, like 
those of the 15th and 16th, depend on the number of stamens. 
103. The orders of the 21st class, Cryptogamia, constitute six 
natural families. / 
1. Fiuices,—includes all Ferns, having the fruit on the leaves. 
2. Musci,—Mosses. 
3. Heraticz,—Liverworts, or succulent mosses. 
4, Atem,—Sea-weeds, and frog spittle. 
5. Licuens,—Lichens, found growing on the barks of old 
trees, old wood, &c. 
6. Funet,—Mushrooms, mould, blight, &c. 
104. No confusion is produced in taking the character of 
some classes, for orders in others; for example: if you have a 
flower with ten stamens, united by their filaments into one set, 
you know by the definition of the classes that it belongs to the 
class Monadelphia, you can then, because it has ten stamens, 
place it in the order Decandria of the same class. ; 
Having explained the principles on which the artificial 
classes and orders are founded, we will now place them before 
you, in a synoptical or general view. 
105. “SYNOPSIS OF THE CLASSES AND ORDERS 
OF LINNZKUS.”* 
CLASSES. ORDERS. 
2 ( 1. Monanpria, | stamen. Number of styles, if styles are 
ne | 2. Dianpria, 2. wanting, number of sessile stigmas. 
a 3. TRIANDRIA, 3. Monogynia, 1. style, or one sessile 
2 | 4. Terranoprla, 4. stigma. Digynia, 2. Trigynia, 3. 
® [ 5, PENTANDRIA, 9. Tetragynia, 4. Pentagynia, 5. Hex- 
+ We say of Linnaeus, because there are other systems of classing 
plants, though none so generally adopted, or so proper for the learner. 
102. On what do the orders of the three following classes depend ? 
103. What are the orders of the class Cryptogamia ? 
104, Does any confusion follow from taking the characters of some 
classes, for orders in other classes ? 
