THE FRUIT 6Y 
with a flat circular rim above, which is marked with five 
scars. These *show the former position of the sepals. 
Sometimes the sepals themselves remain. In the centre of 
the rim is a depression filled by a number of hairs, which, 
when the fruit is opened, are seen to be the styles of the 
carpels. The carpels themselves are covered with fine 
soft hairs, and are closely packed round the sides and 
on the bottom of the cavity ; each hairy carpel contains 
a seed enclosed in a hard and tough covering. If the 
“hip” be compared with the flower of the rose, it will be 
seen that the oval body containing the carpels is the 
developed and swollen receptacle. 
The Strawberry. The fruit 
of this plant consists of a swollen 
and juicy receptacle, which has 
grown up on the inside of the 
carpels. These are dotted over the 
fleshy surface of the receptacle, and 
each contains a seed. 
The Blackberry. The fruit of 
the Blackberry and Raspberry con- 
sists of a number of drupes (2¢., 
fruits like those of the plum or 
cherry) arranged round a central 
axis, the receptacle. In this case 
a eee Black the calyx has persisted, and may 
be seen at the base of the fruit. 
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SF 
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Norr.—On this part of the subject a beginning might be made 
early in the course—such fruits as the apple and peach make 
splendid subjects for observation and language lessons in the 
lower classes. The distinction between seeds and fruits and 
the more systematic investigation of the latter, if undertaken 
at all, should be reserved for the upper standards. Here, again, 
much will depend on the conditions and surroundings of the 
school, and on the teacher. A good deal of the work is best 
