PHARMACY IN GERMANY. 
311 
and competition being prevented, in as much as none but 
apothecaries are allowed to retail drugs, and the number of 
apothecaries is kept within a certain limit. 
Let us consider each of these circumstances a little more in 
detail; and first, what is, perhaps, the most important, the 
education of the pharmaceutic student. About the age of 
fourteen or fifteen, the boy undergoes an examination before 
the pharmaceutic commission as to his acquaintance with 
languages, (Greek, Latin, French,) the elementary mathema- 
tics, and general instruction, as history, geography. If he 
appears so advanced, that his special education can be com- 
menced, he obtains a certificate to that purpose, and enters as 
lehrling or apprentice into a shop, for a term of three or four 
years. To almost every shop is attached a laboratory; and 
we must recollect that, with a German apothecary, the student 
spends the years of his apprenticeship, not merely in making 
up recipes, as is the custom here, but is engaged in the nicest 
investigations of modern chemistry, and works under the 
same circumstances that brought into action the neatness and 
accuracy of Klaplork and of Rose; that developed the tran- 
scendent powers of discovery possessed by Liebig and by 
Scheele. 
The student having completed the term for which he had 
engaged to the apothecary, his master, passes to the university, 
and commences attendance on the lectures of such professors 
as he considers best qualified to teach him what he wants. 
There is no curriculum made out ; he knows the subjects on 
which he shall be examined; but he is left to acquire the 
knowledge requisite for passing, when, where, or how he 
chooses; it being understood that he cannot leave his own 
country's university without special permission. For two or 
three years he attends the lectures on mathematics, physics, 
chemistry, botany, pharmacology, zoology, mineralogy, some- 
times also anatomy and physiology; and generally works a 
year in the university laboratory, particularly if the university 
professor be of eminence. 
When the student has thus spent at least five years in the 
