Ajanuaryfi908m  }     Tests  for  Gurjun  Balsam  in  Copaiba.  II 
detected  by  means  of  the  microscope,  except  in  the  case  of  buck- 
wheat middlings,  the  starch  grains  of  which  somewhat  resemble 
those  of  pepper  in  size  but  they  do  not  form  compound  grains,  as 
in  pepper. 
In  addition  to  the  starchy  substances  already  mentioned,  it  is  said 
that  hard-tack  and  stale  bread  are  sometimes  employed.  The  fol- 
lowing substances  have  been  reported  as  adulterants  of  pepper  by 
various  authors :  Mustard-seed  cake,  flaxseed-meal  cake,  poppy- 
seed-meal  cake,  grape  seeds,  exhausted  coriander  fruit  and  paradise 
grains. 
UTERATURE  CITED. 
1  H.  Baillon  :  Dictionaire  de  Botanique,  Tome  5,  p.  625. 
2  Englerund  Prantl :  Die  natiirlichen  Pflanzenfamilien,  III.  Teil,  1.  Abteilung, 
p.  9. 
3  Fliickiger  and  Hanbury  :  Pharmacographia,  p.  576. 
4  Gildemeister  und  Hoffman  :  Die  setherischen  Oele,  p.  414. 
3  Hartel  und  Will  :  Zeitschr.  f.  Untersuchung  d.  Nahr.-u.  Genussmittel,  14 
(1907),  p.  567. 
6  C.  Hartwich  :  Zeitschr.  /.  Untersuchung  d.  Nahr.-u.  Genussmittel,  12 
(1906),  p.  524. 
7  Winton  and  Moeller  :  The  Microscopy  of  Vegetable  Foods,  p.  506. , 
8  Tschirch  und  Oesterle  :  Anatomischer  Atlas,  p.  103. 
9  J.  Moeller  :  Pharmakognostischer  Atlas,  1892,  p.  195. 
10  Albert  E,  Leach  :  Food  Inspection  and  Analysis,  p.  330. 
ir  J.  Heckmann  :  Zeitschr.  f.  Untersuchung  d.  Nahr.-u.  Genussmittel ',  5 
(1802),  p.  302. 
12  Fischer  und  Griihnhagen  :  Jahresbericht  des  chemischen  Uniersuchung- 
samtes,  1899- 1900,  pp.  35-56  ;  Abstract  in  Zeitschr.  f.  Untersuchung  d.  Nahr.- 
u.  Genussmittel,  4  (1901),  p.  782. 
13  A.  Bertschinger  :  Schweiz.  Wochenschr.  Chem.  Pharm.r  39  (1901),  pp.  215- 
216;  Abstract  in  Zeitschr.  f.  Untersuchung  d.  Nahr.-u.  Genussmittel,  4 
(i9OI)>  P-  782. 
SOME  TESTS  FOR  GURJUN  BALSAM  IN  COPAIBA. 
By  Charges  E.  Vanderki^eed. 
Publicity  as  to  the  nature  of  an  adulteration  has  in  many  cases 
been  the  only  thing  necessary  to  put  a  stop  to  the  practice, — not  so 
in  the  case  of  adulteration  of  copaiba  with  Gurjun  balsam,  however, 
for  although  that  practice  is  very  old  and  the  knowledge  that 
copaiba  has  been  very  extensively  adulterated  with  Gurjun  balsam 
is  well-known  to  every  one,  the  practice  has  been  continued  up  to 
