442 
ON  THE  COPAL  OP  ZANZIBAR. 
leaves,  with  white  groups  of  flowers  projecting  from  the  points 
0  of  the  branches.  This  is  the  ^' M'ti  Sandarusi  "  (Tree  of  Copal) 
of  the  natives ;  and  from  it  one  variety  of  Copal  is  obtained. 
On  examining  the  tree  more  closely,  the  trunk  and  main  limbs 
were  seen  to  be  covered  with  the  clear  resinous  exudation,  now 
brittle  and  hard  ;  from  the  upper  branches  it  dropped  down  on 
the  ground  below,  but  not  in  a  fluid  state.  To  judge  by  the  ap- 
pearance it  presented,  I  should  say  that  the  resin  soon  dries  and 
hardens  after  being  exuded,  but  must  be  easily  broken  off"  by 
violence ;  pieces  of  various  tint  and  form  were  collected,  some 
with  insects  imbedded ;  but  all  presented  a  smooth  polished  ex- 
terior, quite  free  from  any  pitting  or  "  gooseskin  "  found  on  all 
kinds  dug  up  from  the  ground.  This  sort  is  known  in  trade  as 
Sandarusi  ya  m'ti,"  or  Copal  from  the  tree  ;  it  is  exported  in 
considerable  quantity  to  India,  but  not  to  Europe.  Having  thus 
established  the  source  of  one  sort  of  Copal  to  be  the  Trachy- 
lohium,  and  transmitted  the  resin  with  full  herbarium  specimens 
of  flower  and  fruit  (which,  if  I  mistake  not,  are  to  this  day  de- 
siderata in  all  iour  collections),  let  me  briefly  state  my  reasons 
for  thinking  that  in  this  tree  we  have  the  source  of  the  older 
Zanzibar  Copal,  the  semifossil  or  bituminized  resin  known  in  the 
English  market  as  "Anime,"  and  which  is  the  most  valuable 
of  all  resins  for  the  manufacture  of  varnish,  exceeding  any- 
thing produced  on  the  west  coast  for  hardness,  elasticity  and 
polish. 
There  are  three  distinct  kinds  of  Copal  in  the  Zanzibar  trade, 
subdivided  by  merchants  into  many  classes,  according  to  color, 
form,  surface,  and  other  peculiarties  known  to  those  in  the  trade, 
and  afi*ecting  the  value  variously  in  difi'erent  markets  : — first,  we 
have  ^' Sardarusi-m'ti,"  Tree-Copal;  second  "  Chakazzi,"  or 
Copal  dug  from  the  soil,  but  modern  (seemingly)  in  origin,  and 
obtaining  a  price  like  that  of  the  former  quality  ;  the  third  is 
the  true  Sandarusi,  like  the  second,  dug  from  the  soil,  but  hard, 
less  soluble,  and  more  than  twice  the  value.  This  forms  by  far 
the  greatest  part  of  Zanzibar  Copal,  the  export  of  which  has 
sometimes  reached  800,000  lbs.  at  a  value  of  £60,000. 
I  have  already  described  the  ^'Tree-Copal;"  it  is  gathered 
directly  from  the  tree,  which  is  known  along  the  coast  from 
