146  Philadelphia  College  of  Pharmacy.  {Amj£chimm' 
known  as  surra,  affecting  horses  and  camels,  the  latter  being  more 
resistant  to  the  disease  and  carrying  it  over  from  one  season  to 
another;  (4)  a  disease  affecting  horses  in  South  America  due  to 
an  organism  communicated  by  flies  and  supposed  to  have  been 
brought  originally  from  an  island  at  the  mouth  of  the  Amazon,  a 
large  rodent  or  rat  probably  having  been  the  original  host;  (5) 
another  disease,  Do  urine,  affecting  horses  in  Africa  and  first  found 
in  Europe  along  the  Mediterranean  coast,  and  which  at  one  time 
reached  this  country,  it  being  found  among  the  horses  in  Wyoming 
and  one  of  the  Dakotas ;  (6)  still  another  disease  affecting  cattle  in 
South  Africa,  one  peculiarity  of  which  is  that  the  native-born  cattle 
are  immune  to  a  certain  extent. 
Then,  referring  more  especially  to  sleeping  sickness,  Dr.  Rown- 
tree  stated  that  in  18S03,  just  100  years  before  the  finding  of  the 
organism  causing  the  disease,  Winterbottom  described  it  as  it 
occurs  among  the  colored  people  in  Africa.  He  said  that  the  centre 
of  infection  extends  from  Lake  Nyanza  up  to  the  Nile  and  over  to 
the  Congo,  where  73  per  cent,  of  the  population  has  been  wiped  out. 
In  Uganda  some  500,000  of  the  inhabitants  died  from  the  disease 
in  the  past  five  or  six  years.  In  describing  the  course  of  the  dis- 
ease, Dr.  Rowntree  stated  that  it  is  at  first  exceedingly  insidious, 
and  that  one  fly  (Glossina  palpalis)  constitutes  the  intermediate  host. 
The  disease  seems  to  have  a  predilection  for  the  nervous  and  lym- 
phatic systems,  and  the  organisms  have  been  found  in  the  fluid  of 
the  lymph-glands  and  in  the  cerebrospinal  fluid. 
Up  to  the  present  time  arsenic  has  played  the  most  important 
part  in  the  treatment  of  all  of  these  diseases.  Both  its  inorganic 
compounds  and  organic  derivatives  are  used,  as  arsenic  trioxide, 
arsenites,  Donovan's  solution,  atoxyl  (sodium  p-aminophenyl  arso- 
nate).  The  idea  in  the  treatment  of  trypanosomiasis  is  to  admin- 
ister a  remedy  which  is  taken  up  more  readily  by  the  parasite  than 
by  the  host,  as  suggested  by  Thomas,  and  Ehrlich  has  found  that 
arsacetin  (an  acetyl  derivative  of  atoxyl)  is  1500  times  less  toxic 
to  the  affected  organism  than  arsenic  itself.  Another  compound 
recently  tried  by  Ehrlich  wdiich  promises  well  is  phenyl-arsene- 
glycine,  though,  as  stated  by  Dr.  Rowntree,  it  is  yet  far  from 
ideal.  Among  the  other  remedies  which  have  been  tried  are  trypan 
red  and  other  dyes,  such  as  malachite  green,  and  preparations  of 
mercury  and  antimony.    To  Koch  also  belongs  much  credit  for  the 
