MANUFACTURE  OF    AMMONIA  5  ETC. 
35 
soluble  carbonate  of  lime  and  sulphate  of  ammonia  in  solution, 
which  is  evaporated  and  crystallized. 
Muriate  of  Ammonia. — This  salt  is  obtained  by  either  of  the 
three  following  methods  : — -1.  By  decomposing  sulphate  of  ammo- 
nia by  means  of  common  salt.  2.  By  treating  the  crude  carbonate 
of  ammonia  liquors  obtained  from  the  distillation  of  bones  with 
muriatic  acid.  3.  By  decomposing  the  crude  carbonate  of  ammonia 
liquors  with  muriate  of  manganese,  the  residuum  obtained  in  the 
manufacture  of  chlorine.  In  either  case,  the  solution  of  the  salts 
obtained  is  evaporated  and  crystallized,  and  afterwards,  if  desired, 
sublimed.  204  lbs.  of  bones  being  carbonized,  yield  a  sufficient 
quantity  of  carbonate  of  ammonia  to  furnish  from  102  to  122  lbs. 
of  sublimated  sal-ammoniac. 
Carbonate  of  Ammonia. — This  salt  is  obtained  by  submitting  a 
mixture  of  65J  lbs.  of  sulphate  of  ammonia,  and  99  lbs.  of  carbonate 
of  lime  to  distillation,  whence  is  obtained  about  41  lbs.  of  crude 
carbonate  of  ammonia,  which  is  afterwards  refined. 
Liquid  Ammonia. — This  is  obtained  by  heating  together  in  a 
suitable  retort  or  vessel,  6I5  lbs.  of  calcined  sulphate  of  ammonia, 
and  61J  lbs.  of  slaked  lime.  The  disengaged  gas  is  collected  by 
absorption  in  water  contained  in  a  series  of  Woulfe's  apparatus, 
through  which  it  is  made  to  pass. 
M.  Leblanc,  to  whom  we  owe  the  process  for  obtaining  soda 
from  common  salt,  originated  the  following  method  of  manufacturing 
muriate  of  ammonia.  He  employed  two  tight  brick-kilns  for  this 
purpose,  one  of  which  he  charged  with  sulphuric  acid  and  common 
salt,  and  the  other  with  animal  matters.  The  muriatic  acid  gas 
evolved  from  the  one  kiln,  and  the  ammonia  evolved  from  the  other, 
he  caused  to  pass  separately  into  a  chamber  lined  with  lead,  con- 
taining a  stratum  of  water  on  its  bottom.  The  two  gases  here 
combined  with  the  formation  of  sal-ammoniac. 
Ammonia  from  Guano. — Mr.  Young  took  out  a  patent,  Novem- 
ber 11th,  1841,  in  which  he  describes  his  method  of  obtaining  am- 
monia from  guano.  He  fills  a  retort,  placed  vertically,  with  a 
mixture  of  two  parts  by  weight  of  guano,  and  one  part  by  weight 
of  hydrate  of  lime  or  other  caustic  alkali.  These  substances  are 
thoroughly  mixed  by  giving  a  rotary  or  reciprocating  motion  to 
the  agitator  placed  in  the  retort,  a  moderate  degree  of  heat  is  then 
applied,  which  is  gradually  increased  until  the  bottom  of  the  retort 
