VARIETIES. 
277 
imperfectly  corked  bottles.  It  then  becomes  cloudy  from  the  deposit  of 
resinous  matter;  produced  by  the  contact  of  the  air,  and  acquires  a  turpen- 
tine smell. 
It  is  best  preserved  in  well  stoppered  bottles,  kept  in  a  cool  cellar,  and  in 
the  dark;  light,  especially  the  direct  sunshine,  quickly  deteriorates  its  odor. 
This  observation  may  be  applied,  indeed,  to  all  perfumes,  except  rose, 
which  is  not  so  spoiled. 
When  bergamot  is  mixed  with  other  essential  oils  it  greatly  adds  to  their 
richness,  and  gives  a  sweetness  to  spice  oils,  attainable  by  no  other  means, 
and  such  compounds  are  much  used  in  the  most  highly-scented  soaps. 
Mixed  with  rectified  spirit  in  the  proportions  of  about  three  ounces  of  ber- 
gamot to  a  gallon,  it  forms  what  is  called  "  extract  of  bergamot,"  and  in 
this  state  is  used  for  the  handkerchief.  Though  well  covered  with  extract  of 
orris  and  other  matters,  it  is  the  leading  ingredient  in  Bayley  and  Blew's 
Ess.  Bouquet  (see  Bouquets). 
Benzoin,  also  called  Benjamin. — This  is  a  very  useful  substance  to  per- 
fumers. It  exudes  from  the  Styrax  benzoin,  by  wounding  the  tree,  and  dry- 
ing, becomes  a  hard  gum-resin.  It  is  principally  imported  from  Borneo, 
Java,  Sumatra,  and  Siam.  The  best  kind  comes  from  the  latter  place,  and 
used  to  be  called  Amygdaloides,  because  of  its  being  interspersed  with  seve- 
eral  white  spots,  which  resemble  broken  almonds.  When  heated,  these 
white  specks  rise  as  a  smoke,  and  is  easily  condensed  upon  paper.  The 
material  thus  separated  from  the  benzoin  is  called  flowers  of  benzoin  in 
commerce,  and  by  chemists  is  termed  benzoic  acid.  It  has  all,  or  nearly 
all,  the  odor  of  the  resin  from  which  it  is  derived. 
The  extract,  or  tincture  of  benzoin,  forms  a  good  basis  for  a  bouquet. 
Like  balsam  of  tolu,  it  gives  permanence  and  body  to  a  perfume  made  with 
an  essential  oil  in  spirit. 
The  principal  consumption  of  benzoin  is  in  the  manufacture  of  pastilles 
(see  Pastilles),  and  for  the  preparation  of  fictitious  vanilla  pomade  (see  Po- 
matums). 
Cascarilla. — The  bark  is  used  in  the  formation  of  pastilles,  also  enters 
into  the  composition  known  as  Eau  a  Bruler,  for  perfuming  apartments,  to 
which  we  refer. 
Cassie. — This  is  one  of  those  fine  odors  which  enters  into  the  composition 
of  the  best  hankerchief  bouquets.  When  smelled  at  alone,  it  has  an  intense 
violet  odor,  and  is  rather  sickly  sweet. 
It  is  procured  by  maceration  from  the  Acacia  Farnesiana.  The  purified 
fat  is  melted,  into  which  the  flowers  are  thrown  and  left  to  digest  for  seve- 
ral hours ;  the  spent  flowers  are  removed,  and  fresh  are  added,  eight  or  ten 
times,  until  sufficient  richness  of  perfume  is  obtained.  A3  many  flowers 
are  used  as  the  grease  will  cover,  when  they  are  put  into  it,  in  a  liquid 
state. 
After  being  strained,  and  the  pomade  has  been  kept  at  a  heat  sufficient 
only  to  retain  its  liquidity,  all  impurities  will  subside,  by  standing  for  a 
